13
Summary of California Law (10th), Trusts
I. INTRODUCTION
<d2.o n="A. [§1] Nature and
Classification of Trusts.
<d2.o n="B. Other Relationships Distinguished.
<d3.o n="1. [§2] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§3] Debt,
Security Device, or Impound Account.
<d3.o n="3. [§4] Equitable
Charge.
<d3.o n="4. [§5] Interest
Subject to Condition.
<d3.o n="5. [§6] Pension or
Deferred Compensation Plan.
<d2.o n="C. [§7] Public and
Statutory Trusts.
<d2.o n="D. Tentative Trust in Bank Deposit.
<d3.o n="1. [§8] Nature of
Trust.
<d3.o n="2. [§9] Adoption of
Doctrine in California.
<d3.o n="3. [§10] Elements
of Trust.
<d3.o n="4. [§11] Distinction:
Absolute Trust.
<d2.o n="E. [§12] Restatement.
<d2.o n="F. [§13] Uniform
Acts.
<d2.o n="G. Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§14] Validity
of Trust.
<d3.o n="2. [§15] Construction
of Instrument.
<d3.o n="3. [§16] Administration
of Trust.
<d2.o n="H. The Trust Law.
<d3.o n="1. [§17] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="2. [§18] Enactment.
<d3.o n="3. [§19] Principal
Changes.
<d3.o n="4. Scope and Application of Trust Law.
<d4.o n="(a) [§20] General
Rule: Application to All Trusts.
<d4.o n="(b) [§21] Exceptions:
Prospective Application.
<d4.o n="(c) [§22] Subjects
Covered or Excluded.
<d4.o n="(d) [§23] Other
Provisions Governing Trusts.
<d3.o n="5. [§24] Role of
Common Law.
II. CREATION OF EXPRESS TRUST
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§25] Methods of
Creation.
<d3.o n="2. [§26] Essential
Elements.
<d3.o n="3. [§27] Matters
Not Essential.
<d2.o n="B. Statute of Frauds.
<d3.o n="1. [§28] Express
Trust in Real Property.
<d3.o n="2. Oral Trust in Personal Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§29] General
Law and California Cases.
<d4.o n="(b) [§30] Trust Law.
<d2.o n="C. [§31] Trust
Property.
<d2.o n="D. Trust Intent.
<d3.o n="1. [§32] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Precatory Words.
<d4.o n="(a) [§33] Words
Ineffective To Create Trust.
<d4.o n="(b) [§34] Words
Addressed to Executor.
<d4.o n="(c) [§35] Words
Interpreted as Creating Trust.
<d2.o n="E. Trust Purpose.
<d3.o n="1. [§36] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§37] Rule
Against Accumulations.
<d3.o n="3. [§38] Definiteness
of Purpose.
<d2.o n="F. Beneficiary of Private Trust.
<d3.o n="1. [§39] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§40] Beneficiaries
Must Be Ascertainable.
<d3.o n="3. [§41] Class or
Trustee's Selection.
<d3.o n="4. [§42] Disclaimer
by Beneficiary.
<d3.o n="5. [§43] Honorary
Trust.
III. TRUSTEES
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§44] Capacity
and Selection.
<d3.o n="2. [§45] Nonprofit
Charitable Corporation as Trustee.
<d3.o n="3. [§46] Appointment
by Court or Beneficiaries.
<d3.o n="4. [§47] Acceptance.
<d3.o n="5. [§48] Bond.
<d3.o n="6. [§49] Rejection.
<d3.o n="7. [§50] Resignation.
<d3.o n="8. Removal.
<d4.o n="(a) [§51] General
Law and California Cases.
<d4.o n="(b) [§52] Trust Law.
<d3.o n="9. [§53] Vacancy in
Office.
<d3.o n="10. . [§54] Cotrustees.
<d2.o n="B. Compensation and Indemnification.
<d3.o n="1. Compensation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§55] Where
Instrument Does Not Specify.
<d4.o n="(b) [§56] Where
Instrument Specifies.
<d4.o n="(c) [§57] Notice of
Increase.
<d4.o n="(d) [§58] Dual
Compensation as Trustee and Attorney.
<d3.o n="2. Indemnity.
<d4.o n="(a) [§59] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§60] Attorneys' Fees and Costs.
<d2.o n="C. Duties.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§61] Trust Law
Revision.
<d4.o n="(b) [§62] Administration
of Trust.
<d4.o n="(c) Loyalty.
<d5.o n="(1) [§63] General
Law and California Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§64] Trust Law.
<d4.o n="(d) [§65] Deal
Impartially With Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(e) [§66] Avoid
Conflict of Interest.
<d4.o n="(f) [§67] Control
and Preserve Property.
<d4.o n="(g) [§68] Make
Property Productive.
<d4.o n="(h) [§69] Dispose of
Improper Investments.
<d4.o n="(i) [§70] Keep
Property Separate and Identified.
<d4.o n="(j) [§71] Enforce
Claims and Defend Actions.
<d4.o n="(k) [§72] Use
Special Skills.
<d4.o n="(l) [§73] Delegate
Powers Appropriately.
<d4.o n="(m) [§74] File
Change of Ownership Statement.
<d3.o n="2. Standard of Care.
<d4.o n="(a) [§75] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Uniform Prudent Investor Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§76] General
Law and California Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§77] Restatement
and Uniform Act.
<d5.o n="(3) [§78] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d5.o n="(4) [§79] Nature and
Scope of Rule.
<d5.o n="(5) [§80] Standard
of Care.
<d5.o n="(6) [§81] Duties of
Trustee.
<d5.o n="(7) [§82] Delegation.
<d3.o n="3. Duty To Report and Account.
<d4.o n="(a) In General.
<d5.o n="(1) [§83] General
Law and California Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§84] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(b) Duty To Report to Beneficiaries.
<d5.o n="(1) [§85] Scope of
Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§86] Notice of
Changes Affecting Irrevocable Trust.
<d4.o n="(c) Duty To Account to Beneficiaries.
<d5.o n="(1) [§87] Scope of
Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§88] Contents
of Account.
<d4.o n="(d) [§89] Exceptions
to Duties To Report and Account.
<d2.o n="D. Powers.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§90] Law Revision
Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(b) [§91] Nature and
Scope of Powers.
<d4.o n="(c) [§92] Incidental
Powers.
<d4.o n="(d) Deviation From Trust Restrictions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§93] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§94] When
Deviation Will Be Denied.
<d3.o n="2. Discretionary Powers.
<d4.o n="(a) [§95] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Where Absolute Power Is Conferred.
<d5.o n="(1) [§96] California
Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§97] Trust Law.
<d4.o n="(c) [§98] Power To
Invade Corpus.
<d4.o n="(d) [§99] Use of
Power To Discharge Holder's
Obligations.
<d3.o n="3. Specific Powers.
<d4.o n="(a) Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§100] Collecting
and Holding Property.
<d5.o n="(2) [§101] Purchase,
Sale, and Exchange.
<d5.o n="(3) [§102] Management,
Maintenance, and Development.
<d5.o n="(4) [§103] Leases
and Encumbrances.
<d4.o n="(b) [§104] Participating
in Business.
<d4.o n="(c) [§105] Investments.
<d4.o n="(d) Deposits.
<d5.o n="(1) [§106] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§107] Deposit
in Affiliated Institution.
<d4.o n="(e) [§108] Corporate
Shares and Memberships.
<d4.o n="(f) [§109] Securities.
<d4.o n="(g) [§110] Borrowing
Money.
<d4.o n="(h) [§111] Payment,
Settlement, and Release of Claims.
<d4.o n="(i) [§112] Payment
of Taxes and Expenses.
<d4.o n="(j) [§113] Loans and
Distributions to Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(k) [§114] Hiring
Agents.
<d4.o n="(l)
[§115] Actions and Proceedings.
4. [§116]
Notice of Proposed
Action.
<d2.o n="E. Liability to Beneficiaries.
<d3.o n="1. Liability for Breach of Trust.
<d4.o n="(a) [§117] What
Constitutes Breach of Trust.
<d4.o n="(b) [§118] Liability
for Acts of Agent.
<d4.o n="(c) [§119] Liability
for Acts of Cotrustee.
<d4.o n="(d) [§120] Liability
for Acts of Predecessor.
<d3.o n="2. Remedies for Breach of Trust.
<d4.o n="(a) [§121] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§122] Compelling
Performance of Duty.
<d4.o n="(c) [§123] Enjoining
Threatened Breach.
<d4.o n="(d) [§124] Action
for Damages.
<d4.o n="(e) [§125] Receiver
or Temporary Trustee.
<d4.o n="(f) [§126] Removal
of Trustee.
<d4.o n="(g) [§127] Setting
Aside Action of Trustee.
<d4.o n="(h) [§128] Reduction
or Denial of Compensation.
<d4.o n="(i) Recovering Trust Property or Proceeds.
<d5.o n="(1) [§129] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§130] Tracing
Mixed Trust Funds.
<d5.o n="(3) [§131] Tracing
Mixed Trust and Personal Funds.
<d3.o n="3. Measure of Liability for Breach of Trust.
<d4.o n="(a) [§132] General
Law and California Cases.
<d4.o n="(b) [§133] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(c) [§134] Damages.
<d4.o n="(d) [§135] Interest.
<d4.o n="(e) [§136] Other
Remedies.
<d3.o n="4. Limitations and Exculpation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§137] Limitations
and Laches.
<d4.o n="(b) [§138] Exculpation
of Trustee.
<d4.o n="(c) [§139] Nonliability
Where Directions Are Followed.
<d4.o n="(d) [§140] Consent
of Beneficiary.
<d4.o n="(e) Discharge of Liability.
<d5.o n="(1) [§141] By
Release or Contract.
<d5.o n="(2) [§142] By
Subsequent Affirmance.
IV. BENEFICIARIES
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§143] Beneficiary's Equitable Estate.
<d3.o n="2. [§144] Interest
Vests on Termination of Trust.
<d3.o n="3. Beneficiary of Revocable Trust.
<d4.o n="(a) [§145] Limits on
Rights.
<d4.o n="(b) [§146] Consent
by Beneficiary.
<d4.o n="(c) [§147] Notice to
Beneficiary.
<d4.o n="(d) [§148] Holder of
Power of Appointment.
<d3.o n="4. Rights Against Third Persons.
<d4.o n="(a) [§149] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§150] Where
Third Person Participates in Breach of Trust.
<d2.o n="B. Spendthrift and Other Protective Trusts.
<d3.o n="1. General Law and California Cases.
<d4.o n="(a) [§151] Nature
and Validity of Spendthrift Trusts.
<d4.o n="(b) [§152] Support
and Discretionary Trusts.
<d4.o n="(c) [§153] No
Spendthrift Trust for Settlor.
<d4.o n="(d) [§154] Rights of
Favored Creditors.
<d4.o n="(e) [§155] Right of
General Creditors.
<d3.o n="2. [§156] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="3. [§157] Restraints
on Transfer.
<d3.o n="4. [§158] Trust for
Support.
<d3.o n="5. [§159] Discretionary
Trust.
<d3.o n="6. [§160] Where
Settlor Is a Beneficiary.
<d3.o n="7. Rights of Favored Creditors.
<d4.o n="(a) [§161] Claims
for Child or Spousal Support.
<d4.o n="(b) [§162] Liability
for Public Support.
<d4.o n="(c) [§163] Restitution
Judgment Against Convicted Felon.
<d3.o n="8. Rights of General Creditors.
<d4.o n="(a) [§164] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§165] Reaching
Surplus Income.
V. REVISED PRINCIPAL AND INCOME ACT
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§166] Early
Development.
<d3.o n="2. [§167] Adoption
of Revised Act.
<d3.o n="3. [§168] Major
Changes From Prior Law.
<d3.o n="4. [§169] Definitions.
<d3.o n="5. [§170] Fiduciary
Duties.
<d3.o n="6. [§171] Notice of
Proposed Action.
7. [§171A] (New) Unitrust Conversion.
<d2.o n="B. Adjustments Between Principal and Income.
<d3.o n="1. [§172] Trustee's Power To Make Adjustments.
<d3.o n="2. [§173] Law
Revision Commission Comments.
<d2.o n="C. Distributions With Respect to Decedent's Estate or Terminating
Income Interest.
<d3.o n="1. [§174] Specific
and Pecuniary Devises and Gifts.
<d3.o n="2. [§175] Remainder
and Residuary Devises and Gifts.
<d2.o n="D. Apportionment at Beginning and End of Income
Interest.
<d3.o n="1. [§176] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§177] Distributon
of Undistributed Income.
<d2.o n="E. Allocation of Receipts From Entities During
Trust Administration.
<d3.o n="1. [§178] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§179] Separate
Accounting for Business or Activity.
<d2.o n="F. Allocation of Receipts Not Normally Apportioned
During Trust Administration.
<d3.o n="1. [§180] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§181] Obligation
To Pay Money.
<d2.o n="G. Allocation of Receipts Normally Apportioned
During Trust Administration.
<d3.o n="1. [§182] Deferred
Compensation and Similar Payments.
<d3.o n="2. [§183] Liquidating
Assets.
<d3.o n="3. [§184] Natural
Resources and Timber.
<d3.o n="4. [§185] Non-Income-Producing
Assets.
<d3.o n="5. [§186] Derivatives
and Options.
<d3.o n="6. [§187] Asset-Backed
Securities.
<d3.o n="7. [§188] Insubstantial
Allocation Is Not Required.
<d2.o n="H. Allocation of Disbursements During Trust
Administration.
<d3.o n="1. [§189] Disbursements
From Income.
<d3.o n="2. [§190] Disbursements
From Principal.
<d3.o n="3. [§191] Transfers
From Income.
<d3.o n="4. [§192] Taxes and
Related Adjustments.
VI. DURATION, MODIFICATION, AND TERMINATION
<d2.o n="A. [§193] Duration
of Trusts.
<d2.o n="B. Revocation and Modification of Revocable Trust.
<d3.o n="1. [§194] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="2. [§195] Presumption
of Revocability.
<d3.o n="3. [§196] Methods
of Revocation.
<d3.o n="4. [§197] Power To
Modify.
<d3.o n="5. [§198] Trust of
Community Property.
<d2.o n="C. Revocation and Modification of Irrevocable
Trust.
<d3.o n="1. Modification or Termination by Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(a) General Law and California Cases.
<d5.o n="(1) [§199] Modern
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§200] Beneficiary's Waiver as Means of
Termination.
<d5.o n="(3) [§201] Settlor's Purpose To Continue Trust.
<d5.o n="(4) [§202] Application
by Fewer Than All Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(b) Trust Law.
<d5.o n="(1) [§203] Beneficiaries.
<d5.o n="(2) [§204] Beneficiaries
and Settlor.
<d3.o n="2. Obtaining Consent of Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(a) [§205] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§206] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(c) [§207] Guardian
Ad Litem.
<d4.o n="(d) [§208] No
Conclusive Presumption of Fertility.
<d3.o n="3. Modification or Termination by Court.
<d4.o n="(a) [§209] Uneconomically
Low Principal.
<d4.o n="(b) [§210] Changed
Circumstances.
<d4.o n="(c) [§211] Ambiguous
Language.
<d3.o n="4. [§212] Termination
of Small Trust by Trustee.
<d3.o n="5. [§213] Termination
by Operation of Law.
<d3.o n="6. [§214] Trustee's Powers on Termination.
<d3.o n="7. [§215] Disposition
of Property on Termination.
<d3.o n="8. [§216] Combination
and Division of Trusts.
VII. JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING TRUSTS
<d2.o n="A. Jurisdiction and Venue.
<d3.o n="1. [§217] Approach
of Trust Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§218] Bases of
Jurisdiction.
<d3.o n="3. Subject Matter Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(a) [§219] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(b) [§220] Exclusive
and General Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(c) [§221] Concurrent
Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(d) [§222] Illustrative
Cases.
<d3.o n="4. [§223] Principal
Place of Administration.
<d3.o n="5. [§224] Jurisdiction
Over Parties.
<d3.o n="6. [§225] Venue.
<d2.o n="B. Proceedings.
<d3.o n="1. [§226] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Petition.
<d4.o n="(a) [§227] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(b) [§228] Nature
and Scope.
<d4.o n="(c) [§229] Grounds.
<d4.o n="(d) [§230] Property
Claims.
<d3.o n="3. [§231] Notice.
<d3.o n="4. [§232] Orders
and Appeal.
<d3.o n="5. [§233] Appointment
of Trustee Ad Litem.
<d3.o n="6. [§234] Costs and
Expenses in Contest of Account.
<d2.o n="C. Testamentary Trusts Subject to Continuing
Jurisdiction.
<d3.o n="1. [§235] Former
Statutes and Cases.
<d3.o n="2. [§236] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="3. [§237] Nature
and Scope of Continuing Jurisdiction.
<d3.o n="4. [§238] Removal
of Trust From Continuing Jurisdiction.
<d2.o n="D. Transfer of Trust to or From Another
Jurisdiction.
<d3.o n="1. Transfer to Another Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(a) [§239] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§240] Transfer
and Discharge of Trustee.
<d3.o n="2. Transfer From Another Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(a) [§241] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§242] Transfer
and Administration of Trust.
VIII. RIGHTS OF THIRD PERSONS
<d2.o n="A. Liability of Trust and Trustee.
<d3.o n="1. [§243] Restatement
and Prior California Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§244] Contracts.
<d3.o n="3. [§245] Ownership
or Control of Property.
<d3.o n="4. [§246] Torts.
<d3.o n="5. [§247] Dissenting
Trustee.
<d3.o n="6. [§248] Claims
Against Trust.
<d3.o n="7. [§249] Liability
as Between Trustee and Estate.
<d3.o n="8. [§250] Liability
to Omitted Spouse or Child.
<d2.o n="B. Protection of Third Persons.
<d3.o n="1. Restatement and General Law.
<d4.o n="(a) [§251] Title.
<d4.o n="(b) [§252] Value.
<d4.o n="(c) [§253] Notice.
<d3.o n="2. Trust Law.
<d4.o n="(a) [§254] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d4.o n="(b) [§255] Third Person
Acting in Good Faith.
<d4.o n="(c) [§256] Trustee's Certification of Trust.
<d4.o n="(d) [§257] Transfer
of Real Property.
<d2.o n="C. Rights of Settlor's Creditors Where Trust Is Revocable.
<d3.o n="1. [§258] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="2. [§259] Rights
During Settlor's
Lifetime.
<d3.o n="3. Rights After Settlor's Death.
<d4.o n="(a) [§260] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Notice to Creditors.
<d5.o n="(1) [§261] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§262] Publication
of Notice.
<d5.o n="(3) [§263] Service
of Notice.
<d5.o n="(4) [§264] Immunity
for Good Faith Acts or Omissions.
<d4.o n="(c) Claims That Must Be Filed.
<d5.o n="(1) [§265] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§266] Claims by
Public Entities.
<d5.o n="(3) [§267] Claims
Established by Judgment.
<d4.o n="(d) Time for Filing Claims.
<d5.o n="(1) [§268] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§269] Amended
and Revised Claims.
<d5.o n="(3) [§270] Petition
To File Late Claim.
<d4.o n="(e) Procedure for Filing Claims.
<d5.o n="(1) [§271] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§272] Documentary
Support.
<d5.o n="(3) [§273] Waiver of
Formal Defects.
<d4.o n="(f) Response by Trustee.
<d5.o n="(1) [§274] Allowance
or Rejection.
<d5.o n="(2) [§275] Payment
or Compromise.
<d4.o n="(g) Action on Rejected Claim.
<d5.o n="(1) [§276] Statute
of Limitations.
<d5.o n="(2) [§277] Procedure.
<d4.o n="(h) Approval, Compromise, Settlement, or Allocation
by Court.
<d5.o n="(1) [§278] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§279] Petition.
<d5.o n="(3) [§280] Notice of
Hearing.
<d5.o n="(4) [§281] Failure
To File Pleading.
<d5.o n="(5) [§282] Disposition
by Court.
<d4.o n="(i) Allocation of Debts Between Trust and Surviving
Spouse.
<d5.o n="(1) [§283] Petition
and Order To Show Cause.
<d5.o n="(2) [§284] Notice of
Hearing.
<d5.o n="(3) [§285] Allocation
of Debts.
<d4.o n="(j) [§286] Liability
of Surviving Spouse.
<d4.o n="(k) Personal Liability of Distributee.
<d5.o n="(1) [§287] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§288] Limitations.
IX. CHARITABLE TRUSTS
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§289] Nature of
Charitable Trust.
<d3.o n="2. [§290] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d2.o n="B. Indefinite Beneficiaries.
<d3.o n="1. [§291] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§292] Single
Beneficiary.
<d3.o n="3. [§293] Gift
Directly to Charitable Institution.
<d3.o n="4. [§294] Charitable
Gift to Noncharitable Institution.
<d2.o n="C. Charitable Purposes.
<d3.o n="1. [§295] Health
and Relief of Poverty.
<d3.o n="2. [§296] Religion.
<d3.o n="3. [§297] Educational
and Cultural Objects.
<d3.o n="4. [§298] Social
and Political Objects.
<d3.o n="5. [§299] Miscellaneous
Objects.
<d3.o n="6. [§300] Coupling
of Noncharitable Object.
<d3.o n="7. [§301] No
Purpose Stated.
<d2.o n="D. Cy Pres Rule.
<d3.o n="1. [§302] Nature of
Doctrine.
<d3.o n="2. [§303] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="3. [§304] Rule
Inapplicable.
<d2.o n="E. Enforcement and Supervision.
<d3.o n="1. [§305] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Supervision of Trustees and Fundraisers for
Charitable Purposes Act.
<d4.o n="(a) [§306] Nature,
Purpose, and Scope of Act.
<d4.o n="(b) [§307] Register,
Instruments, and Reports.
<d4.o n="(c) [§308] Securing
Compliance.
<d4.o n="(d) [§309] Scope of
Attorney General's
Supervision.
<d3.o n="3. [§310] Compliance
With Internal Revenue Code.
X. RESULTING TRUSTS
<d2.o n="A. [§311] Nature
and Distinctions.
<d2.o n="B. Failure of Express Trust.
<d3.o n="1. [§312] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§313] Gift by
Implication.
<d2.o n="C. Payment of Consideration for Transfer.
<d3.o n="1. [§314] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§315] Payment
Directly by Claimant.
<d3.o n="3. [§316] Payment
by Grantee on Behalf of Claimant.
<d3.o n="4. [§317] Payment
After Conveyance.
<d3.o n="5. [§318] Presumption
of Gift or Advancement.
XI. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS
<d2.o n="A. [§319] Nature of
Constructive Trust.
<d2.o n="B. [§320] Fraud or
Mistake.
<d2.o n="C. [§321] Crime.
<d2.o n="D. Breach of Fiduciary Duty.
<d3.o n="1. [§322] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§323] Where No
Benefit Is Obtained.
<d2.o n="E. Violation of Unenforceable Contract.
<d3.o n="1. Promise To Buy Property for Plaintiff.
<d4.o n="(a) [§324] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§325] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="2. [§326] Promise
To Reconvey to Transferor.
<d3.o n="3. [§327] Gift at
Death on Unenforceable Trust.
4. [§328]
Conveyance During Life
on Unenforceable Trust.