5
Summary of California Law (10th), Torts
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Nature of Torts and Tort Actions.
1. [§1] Definitions
and Distinctions.
2. [§2] Act
as Tort and Breach of Contract.
3. [§3] Restatement
of Torts.
4. [§4] Texts,
Practice Works, and Commentary.
5. [§5] Classification
of Torts.
6. Legal Duty Toward Person Harmed.
(a)
[§6] General Principle.
(b)
Illustrations of No
Duty.
(1)
[§7] In General.
(2)
[§8] Schools.
(3)
[§9] Social Service Agencies.
(4)
[§10] Public Utilities.
(c)
Violation of Statute
or Constitutional Provision.
(1)
In General.
(aa)
[§11] Violation as Giving Rise to
Tort Liability.
(bb)
[§12] Restatement Rule.
(cc)
[§13] Legislative Intent Approach.
(2)
Illustrations.
(aa)
[§14] State Statute.
(bb)
[§15] Federal Statute.
(cc)
[§16] Federal Constitution.
(dd)
[§17] State Constitution.
7. [§18] Causation.
8. New Torts and Tort Reform.
(a)
[§19] In General.
(b)
[§20] Intentional Torts: Prima
Facie Tort Doctrine.
9. [§21] Tort
Recovery Precluded by Public Policy: Perjury or False Defense.
10. [§22] Motive
in Tort Law.
11. [§23] Survival
of Tort Liability.
B. Persons or Entities Liable for Tort.
1. [§24] In
General.
2. [§25] Minors.
3. [§26] Mentally
Disabled Persons.
4. Liability Between Family Members.
(a)
[§27] Spouses.
(b)
[§28] Parent and Child.
(c)
[§29] Siblings.
5. [§30] Agents
and Employees.
6. [§31] Representatives.
7. [§32] Corporations.
8. Corporate Directors and Officers.
(a)
[§33] In General.
(b)
[§34] Limitation of Liability in
Articles.
(c)
[§35] Volunteer Directors or
Officers of Nonprofit Corporations.
9. Unincorporated Associations.
(a)
[§36] Judicial Recognition of
Liability.
(b)
[§37] Statutory Liability.
(c)
Condominiums and Other
Common Interest Developments.
(1)
[§38] In General.
(2)
[§39] Liability for Third-Party
Criminal Conduct.
(3)
[§40] Liability of Individual
Owners.
(4)
[§41] Volunteer Directors or
Officers of Nonprofit Developments.
10. Charities.
(a)
[§42] Liability to Persons Other
Than Beneficiaries.
(b)
[§43] Liability to Beneficiaries.
C. Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors.
1. Types of Joint Torts.
(a)
Acts in Concert: Joint
Tortfeasors.
(1)
[§44] Who Are Joint Tortfeasors.
(2)
Civil Conspiracy.
(aa)
[§45] Significance of Charge.
(bb)
[§46] Wrongful Act.
(cc)
[§47] Knowledge and Intent.
(dd)
[§48] Joining Existing Conspiracy.
(b)
[§49] Independent Acts: Concurrent
and Successive Tortfeasors.
2. Apportionment of Damages.
(a)
[§50] Common Law Background: Joint
and Several Liability.
(b)
[§51] Restatement.
(c)
Modification of Joint
and Several Liability (Proposition 51).
(1)
[§52] Nature, Purpose, and
Validity.
(2)
[§53] Several Liability for
Noneconomic Damages.
(3)
Manner of Allocating
Damages.
(aa)
[§54] Basic Rule.
(bb)
[§55] Between Negligent and
Intentional Tortfeasors.
(cc)
[§56] Between Original and
Successive Tortfeasors.
(dd)
[§57] Between Tortfeasors Subject
and Not Subject to Liability.
(ee)
[§58] Between Settling and
Nonsettling Tortfeasors.
(ff)
[§59] Credit for Workers'' Compensation Benefits.
(gg)
[§60] Applicability of Comparative
Equitable Indemnity.
(4)
Claims Subject to
Proposition 51.
(aa)
[§61] In General.
(bb)
[§62] Claims Involving Both
Negligent and Intentional Torts.
(cc)
[§63] Claims Involving Vicarious
Liability.
(dd)
[§64] Claims Involving Strict
Liability.
(5)
[§65] Proposition 51
Nonretroactive.
3. Action and Judgment.
(a)
[§66] Suit and Judgment Against
One or More.
(b)
[§67] Burden of Proof on
Defendants.
(c)
[§68] Instructions.
(d)
[§69] Satisfaction of Judgment.
4. Settlement With Fewer Than All Tortfeasors.
(a)
In General.
(1)
[§70] Common Law Release Rule.
(2)
Statutory Abrogation
of Rule.
(aa)
[§71] In General.
(bb)
[§72] Scope.
(cc)
[§73] Effect of General Release.
(dd)
[§74] Application to Alter Ego
Liability.
(3)
[§75] Restatement.
(b)
[§76] Time of Settlement.
(c)
Requirement of Good
Faith.
(1)
Nature and Scope of
Requirement.
(aa)
[§77] In General.
(bb)
[§78] Early Cases.
(cc)
[§79] Tech-Bilt Test.
(dd)
[§80] Nonmonetary Consideration
for Settlement.
(ee)
[§81] Settlement With
Cross-Defendant.
(ff)
[§82] Condition That Settling Tortfeasor
Participate in Trial.
(2)
Determination of Good
Faith.
(aa)
[§83] Statutory Requirement.
(bb)
[§84] Notice or Application.
(cc)
[§85] Conduct of Hearing.
(dd)
[§86] Review.
(ee)
[§87] Scope of Statute.
(d)
Effect of Good Faith
Settlement.
(1)
[§88] General Rule: Bar to Further
Claims Against Settling Tortfeasor.
(2)
Distinctions and
Exceptions.
(aa)
[§89] Claims Against Others.
(bb)
[§90] Claims Asserted in
Independent Action.
(cc)
[§91] Claims for Contractual or
Statutory Indemnity.
(dd)
[§92] Claims of Nonparties.
(ee)
[§93] Claims of Insurers.
(ff)
[§94] Claims Not Involving
Contribution or Indemnity.
(3)
Offset to Judgment
Against Nonsettling Tortfeasor.
aa) [§95] In
General.
bb) [§96] Valuation
of Settlement.
(cc)
[§97] Structured Settlement With
Periodic Payments.
(dd)
[§98] Settlement Offsetting Entire
Judgment.
(ee)
[§99] Noneconomic Damages Under
Proposition 51.
(e)
Sliding Scale Agreements.
(1)
[§100] Nature and Types.
(2)
[§101] Notice and Disclosure.
(3)
[§102] Good Faith Requirement.
5. Contribution.
(a)
[§103] Development of Law.
(b)
[§104] Restatement.
(c)
[§105] Contribution Statute.
(d)
[§106] No Contribution Where
Entitlement to Indemnity.
(e)
[§107] No Contribution to Wilful
Wrongdoer.
(f)
[§108] Necessity of Joint Judgment.
(g)
Amount of
Contribution.
(1)
[§109] Pro Rata Share.
(2)
[§110] Equitable Principles.
(h)
[§111] Judgment on Notice.
6. Indemnity.
(a)
In General.
(1)
[§112] Definition and Nature.
(2)
[§113] Restatement.
(3)
[§114] Instructions.
(b)
Equitable Indemnity.
(1)
[§115] In General.
(2)
[§116] Recognition of Comparative
Indemnity.
(3)
[§117] Total Indemnity.
(4)
[§118] Implied Contractual
Indemnity.
(c)
Express Indemnity.
(1)
[§119] In General.
(2)
[§120] Interpretation of Clauses.
(3)
[§121] Void Clauses.
(4)
[§122] Distinction Between Active
and Passive Negligence.
(5)
[§123] Implied Indemnity Despite
Express Clause.
(6)
[§124] Effect of Indemnitee''s Settlement of Underlying
Claim.
(7)
[§125] Illustrations.
D. Defenses to Tort Action.
1. Consent.
(a)
[§126] In General.
(b)
Withholding of
Life-Sustaining Treatment.
(1)
[§127] In General.
(2)
[§128] Assisted Suicide.
(3)
[§129] Particular Types of
Patients.
(4)
[§130] Commentary.
2. Privilege.
(a)
[§131] In General.
(b)
Emergency Medical Aid.
(1)
[§132] In General.
(2)
Immunity of
Physicians.
(aa)
[§133] In General.
(bb)
[§134] Distinction: Physician
Assigned to Emergency Duties.
(cc)
[§135] Distinction: Services
Rendered to Scheduled Patient.
(3)
Immunity of Others.
(aa)
[§136] In General.
(bb)
[§137] Persons or Teams Attempting
Resuscitation.
(4)
[§138] Refusal To Render Emergency
Services.
(c)
[§139] Immunization Programs.
(d)
Report of Child Abuse
or Neglect.
(1)
[§140] In General.
(2)
[§141] Nature and Scope of
Immunity.
(3)
Subsequent Acts.
(aa)
[§142] Subsequent Statements.
(bb)
[§143] Subsequent Concealment of
Victim.
(4)
[§144] Federal Civil Rights
Liability.
(5)
[§145] Related Immunities.
(6)
[§146] Liability for Failure To
Report.
(e)
Report of Abuse of
Elder or Dependent Adults.
(1)
[§147] In General.
(2)
[§148] Required or Authorized
Reporting.
(2a) [§148A] (New) Reporting by Financial
Institutions.
(3)
[§149] Confidentiality and
Disclosure.
(4)
[§150] Immunity for Reporting.
(f)
[§151] Report of Student''s Use of Alcohol or Drugs.
(g)
[§152] Reports Respecting Health
Care Plans and Facilities.
(h)
[§153] Disclosure of AIDS Test.
(i)
[§154] Insurer''s Report of Suspected Arson.
(j)
[§155] Proceedings of Professional
Society or Committee.
(k)
[§156] Referrals of Patients or
Clients.
(l)
[§157] Protection of Property
Against Dog.
(m)
[§158] Structural Inspection After
Declared Emergency.
(n)
[§159] Donated Fire Protection
Equipment.
(o)
[§160] Independent Quality Review
for Residential Construction.
(p)
[§161] Reliance on Court Process or
Order.
(q)
[§162] Failure of Court To Give
Notice of Protective Order.
(r)
[§163] Disclosure by Anonymous
Witness Program.
(s)
[§164] Report Regarding Threat of
Violence on School Grounds.
(t)
Privilege of Public
Officers.
(1)
[§165] Legislators.
(2)
Judges and
Quasi-Judicial Officers.
(aa)
[§166] In General.
(bb)
[§167] Quasi-Judicial Immunity.
(cc)
[§168] Nonjudicial Acts.
(dd)
[§169] Acts Without or in Excess of
Jurisdiction.
(ee)
[§170] Proceedings or Relief Not
Barred.
(ff)
[§171] Administrative Judges and
Hearing Officers.
(gg)
[§172] State Bar and Bar
Associations.
(hh)
[§173] Grand Jurors.
(ii)
[§174] Persons Engaged in Alternative
Dispute Resolution.
(jj)
[§175] Private Persons Conspiring
With Judge.
(3)
Executive Officers.
(aa)
[§176] General Rule and Policy.
(bb)
[§177] State Officers in Civil
Rights Suits.
(cc)
[§178] Federal Officers in
Constitutional Tort Actions.
(dd)
[§179] President and Aides.
(4Prosecuting Officers.
(aa)
[§180] In General.
(bb)
[§181] Immunity in Civil Rights
Suits.
(cc)
[§182] Administrative Agency
Officers.
(5)
Law Enforcement
Officers.
(aa)
[§183] In General.
(bb)
[§184] Police Officer Witness.
(u)
[§185] Privilege of Member of
Military.
(v)
[§186] Statutory Privileged
Communications.
(w) [§186A] (New)
Prescription of Controlled Substance Pursuant to Drug Overdose Program.
3. [§187] Discharge
of Liability.
4. [§188] What
Are Not Defenses.
E. Conflict of Laws.
1. [§189] Traditional
Rule: Place of Wrong.
2. Modern Approach.
(a)
[§190] Restatement: State of Most
Significant Relationship.
(b)
[§191] Repudiation of Traditional
Rule and Adoption of Governmental Interest Approach.
(c)
[§192] Comparative Impairment
Analysis.
3. Particular Torts.
(a)
[§193] Injuries to Person or
Property.
<d4.o n="(b) [§194] Wrongful Death.
<d4.o n="(c) [§195] Fraud.
<d4.o n="(d) [§196] Defamation and Invasion of Privacy.
<d4.o n="(e) [§197] Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process.
<d4.o n="(f) [§198] Products Liability.
<d3.o n="4. Particular Issues.
<d4.o n="(a) [§199] Duty, Breach, and Causation.
<d4.o n="(b) [§200] Damages.
<d4.o n="(c) [§201] Defenses.
<d4.o n="(d) [§202] Other Issues.
II. GOVERNMENTAL LIABILITY
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§203] Common Law Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity.
<d3.o n="2. [§204] Federal Sovereign Immunity.
<d3.o n="3. Liability Under Federal Tort Claims Act.
<d4.o n="(a) [§205] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§206] Liability for Tortious Acts of Federal
Employees.
<d4.o n="(c) [§207] Liability Is That of Private Person.
<d4.o n="(d) [§208] Exceptions.
<d4.o n="(e) [§209] Procedure in Suit Under Act.
<d3.o n="4. Development of California Law.
<d4.o n="(a) Immunity Prior to Tort Claims Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§210] General Immunity of Public Entities for
Governmental But Not Proprietary Acts.
<d5.o n="(2) [§211] Statutory Basis for Liability.
<d5.o n="(3) [§212] Dangerous Condition of Public Property.
<d5.o n="(4) [§213] School District''s Liability for Negligence.
<d5.o n="(5) [§214] Limited Immunity of Public Employees.
<d4.o n="(b) [§215] Judicial Repudiation of Governmental Immunity.
<d4.o n="(c) Tort Claims Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§216] Adoption.
<d5.o n="(2) [§217] Statutory Framework.
<d5.o n="(3) [§218] Exclusions and Limitations.
<d5.o n="(4) [§219] "Employee."
<d5.o n="(5) [§220] Other Definitions.
<d5.o n="(6) [§221] Construction.
<d2.o n="B. Public Entities.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) Nature of Liability.
<d5.o n="(1) [§222] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§223] No Common Law Liability.
<d5.o n="(3) [§224] Liability Under Statutes and Constitution.
<d5.o n="(4) [§225] Liability Issue Tried First.
<d4.o n="(b) Scope of Immunities and Defenses.
<d5.o n="(1) [§226] Statutory Immunities.
<d5.o n="(2) [§227] Defenses of Private Person Are Available.
<d5.o n="(3) [§228] Immunity Where Employee Is Immune.
<d5.o n="(4) [§229] Tort Claims Act Immunities Extend to Liabilities
Imposed by Other Statutes.
<d5.o n="(5) [§230] No Punitive Damages.
<d4.o n="(c) [§231] Insurance Coverage.
<d4.o n="(d) [§232] Liability Under Joint Powers Agreements.
<d4.o n="(e) [§233] Compromise and Settlement of Claims.
<d4.o n="(f) [§234] Conference on Satisfaction of Judgment.
<d4.o n="(g) [§235] Periodic Payment of Judgment.
<d4.o n="(h) [§236] Defense or Indemnification of Witness.
<d3.o n="2. Liability for Torts of Employees.
<d4.o n="(a) [§237] Statutory Rule of Liability.
<d4.o n="(b) [§238] Employment by Public Entity.
<d4.o n="(c) Scope of Employment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§239] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§240] Sexual Misconduct by Employee.
<d4.o n="(d) Exception for Employee'''s Misrepresentation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§241] Immunity Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§242] Requirement of Commercial Relationship or
Transaction.
<d4.o n="(e) [§243] Intentional Torts of Elected Officials.
<d3.o n="3. [§244] Liability for Torts of Independent Contractors.
<d3.o n="4. Failure To Discharge Mandatory Duty.
<d4.o n="(a) [§245] Statutory Rule of Liability.
<d4.o n="(b) [§246] Illustrations Finding Liability.
<d4.o n="(c) [§247] Illustrations Finding No Liability.
<d4.o n="(d) [§248] Availability of Immunities.
<d3.o n="5. Dangerous Condition of Public Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§249] Governing Statute.
<d4.o n="(b) Public Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§250] Property Covered.
<d5.o n="(2) [§251] Property Not Owned or Controlled.
<d5.o n="(3) Unimproved Property.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§252] Property in Natural Condition: General Rule of
Nonliability.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§253] Illustrations.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§254] Effect of Assuming Duty To Protect Public.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§255] Roads, Trails, and Paths.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§256] Tidelands, Submerged Lands, and School Lands.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§257] Injury or Damage on Adjacent Land.
<d4.o n="(c) Dangerous Condition as Cause.
<d5.o n="(1) In General.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§258] Elements of Liability.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§259] What Constitutes Dangerous Condition.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§260] Illustrations of Dangerous and Non-Dangerous Conditions.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§261] Minor or Trivial Defect.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§262] Recovery for Emotional Distress.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§263] Causation.
<d5.o n="(2) Traffic Signals.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§264] Lack of Signal.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§265] Defective Signal.
<d5.o n="(3) [§266] Dangerous Activity Permitted.
<d5.o n="(4) Negligent or Criminal Conduct of Third Party.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§267] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§268] Criminal Assault.
<d5.o n="(5) [§269] Condition on Adjacent Property.
<d4.o n="(d) Culpable Conduct.
<d5.o n="(1) [§270] Act or Omission of Employee.
<d5.o n="(2) [§271] Notice of Condition.
<d4.o n="(e) Particular Immunities and Defenses.
<d5.o n="(1) [§272] Reasonable Act or Omission.
<d5.o n="(2) Improper Use of Reservoir or Canal.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§273] Statutory Rule.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§274] Exceptions.
<d5.o n="(3) Hazardous Recreational Activity.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§275] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§276] Participants and Spectators.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§277] Nature of Activity.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§278] Exceptions.
<d5.o n="(4) [§279] Accident Caused by Weather Conditions.
<d5.o n="(5) Advance Approval of Plan or Design.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§280] Nature of Defense.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§281] Causation of Injury by Design.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§282] Advance Discretionary Approval.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§283] Reasonableness of Design.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§284] Effect of Changed Conditions.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§285] Protective Measures Against Earth Movement.
<d3.o n="6. [§286] Legislation or Law Enforcement.
<d3.o n="7. [§287] Action or Inaction on License.
<d3.o n="8. [§288] Inspection of Private Property.
<d3.o n="9. [§289] Tax Collection or Administration.
<d3.o n="10. Police and Correctional Activities.
<d4.o n="(a) Scope of Liability.
<d5.o n="(1) [§290] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§291] Liability Based on Special Relationship.
<d4.o n="(b) Injury Caused or Sustained by Prisoner.
<d5.o n="(1) [§292] Immunity Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§293] Who Are Prisoners.
<d5.o n="(3) [§294] Exceptions.
<d5.o n="(4) [§295] Failure To Furnish Medical Care to Prisoner.
<d4.o n="(c) [§296] Injury Caused by Escaped Prisoner.
<d4.o n="(d) [§297] Injury Caused by Arrested Person.
<d4.o n="(e) Injury From Release of Prisoner.
<d5.o n="(1) [§298] Immunity Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§299] Duty To Warn Where Special Relationship Exists.
<d5.o n="(3) [§300] Statutory Duty of Notification.
<d5.o n="(4) [§301] Release of Suicidal Arrestee.
<d4.o n="(f) Injury From Failure To Provide Protection.
<d5.o n="(1) [§302] Immunity Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§303] Discriminatory Allocation of Protective Services
During Riot.
<d5.o n="(3) [§304] Duty To Protect Where Special Relationship
Exists.
<d4.o n="(g) [§305] Injury From Failure To Arrest or Retain in
Custody.
<d4.o n="(h) [§306] Interference With Prisoner''s Right to Judicial Review.
<d4.o n="(i) Traffic Injuries.
<d5.o n="(1) [§307] Failure To Prevent Driving.
<d5.o n="(2) [§308] Failure To Remove Parked Car.
<d5.o n="(3) [§309] Inadequate Assistance to Stranded Motorist.
<d3.o n="11. Fire Protection.
<d4.o n="(a) [§310] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Injury Caused in Fighting Fire.
<d5.o n="(1) [§311] General Immunity Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§312] Exceptions and Distinctions.
<d5.o n="(3) [§313] Immunity Despite Wilful Misconduct.
<d4.o n="(c) [§314] Fire on Public Property.
<d3.o n="12. [§315] Protection From Hazardous Substances.
<d3.o n="13. Medical, Hospital, and Public Health Activities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§316] Liabilities.
<d4.o n="(b) [§317] Immunities.
<d4.o n="(c) [§318] Failure To Conduct Physical or Mental Examination.
<d4.o n="(d) [§319] Confinement or Release of Mental Patient or
Addict.
<d4.o n="(e) [§320] Escape of Mental Patient or Addict.
<d3.o n="14. School Operations.
<d4.o n="(a) [§321] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§322] Activities on School Grounds.
<d4.o n="(c) [§323] Activities Outside School Grounds.
<d4.o n="(d) [§324] Extracurricular Activities.
<d4.o n="(e) [§325] Activities Unrelated to School Function or
Program.
<d4.o n="(f) [§326] Use of Facilities by Other Organizations.
<d4.o n="(g) [§327] Injury to Truant.
<d4.o n="(h) [§328] Injury to Nonstudent.
<d4.o n="(i) [§329] Sexual Misconduct.
<d4.o n="(j) [§330] Exposure to Asbestos.
<d3.o n="15. Operation of Motor Vehicles.
<d4.o n="(a) [§331] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§332] Negligent or Wrongful Conduct.
<d4.o n="(c) [§333] Operation of Vehicle.
<d4.o n="(d) Authorized Emergency Vehicle.
<d5.o n="(1) [§334] Exemption and Immunity.
<d5.o n="(2) [§335] Entity Liable Even Though Driver Is Not.
<d4.o n="(e) Police Pursuit.
<d5.o n="(1) [§336] Nature and Scope of Immunity.
<d5.o n="(2) [§337] Adoption of Pursuit Policy.
<d3.o n="16. [§338] Use of Pesticides.
<d3.o n="17. [§339] Nuisances.
<d3.o n="18. [§340] Condemnor''s Entry To Survey Land.
<d3.o n="19. Emergency Activities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§341] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§342] Earthquake and Volcanic Warnings.
<d4.o n="(c) [§343] 911 Calls.
<d3.o n="20. [§344] National Guard Operations.
<d2.o n="C. Public Employees.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§345] Statutory Framework.
<d4.o n="(b) [§346] Nature of Liability.
<d4.o n="(c) [§347] Punitive Damages May Be Recoverable.
<d4.o n="(d) [§348] Nature of Immunities and Defenses.
<d4.o n="(e) [§349] Particular Employees.
<d4.o n="(f) [§350] Insurance Coverage.
<d3.o n="2. Discretionary Acts.
<d4.o n="(a) [§351] Immunity Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§352] What Constitutes Discretionary Act.
<d4.o n="(c) [§353] Causes of Action Subject to Immunity.
<d4.o n="(d) Illustrations.
<d5.o n="(1) [§354] Immunity Applicable.
<d5.o n="(2) [§355] Immunity Not Applicable.
<d5.o n="(3) [§356] Police Officers.
<d5.o n="(4) [§357] Parole Officers.
<d5.o n="(5) [§358] Public Defenders.
<d3.o n="3. Dangerous Condition of Public Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§359] Liability.
<d4.o n="(b) [§360] Immunities.
<d3.o n="4. Police and Correctional Activities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§361] Liabilities.
<d4.o n="(b) [§362] Immunities.
<d3.o n="5. [§363] Fire Protection.
<d3.o n="6. Medical, Hospital, and Public Health Activities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§364] Liabilities.
<d4.o n="(b) [§365] Immunities.
<d3.o n="7. [§366] Operation of Motor Vehicles.
<d3.o n="8. [§367] Improper Expenditure of Public Funds.
<d3.o n="9. [§368] Institution or Prosecution of Judicial or
Administrative Proceeding.
<d3.o n="10. [§369] False Arrest or Imprisonment.
<d3.o n="11. Procedure.
<d4.o n="(a) [§370] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Defense by Public Entity.
<d5.o n="(1) [§371] Employee''s Right to Defense.
<d5.o n="(2) [§372] When Defense May Be Refused.
<d5.o n="(3) [§373] When Defense Is Optional.
<d5.o n="(4) [§374] Methods of Providing Defense.
<d4.o n="(c) Indemnification of Employee.
<d5.o n="(1) [§375] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§376] Employee Must Act Within Scope of Employment.
<d5.o n="(3) [§377] Where Entity Fails To Defend or Defends Under
Reservation of Rights.
<d5.o n="(4) [§378] Payment of Punitive Damages.
<d5.o n="(5) [§379] Contribution From Employee''s Insurer.
<d5.o n="(6) [§380] Elected Officials.
III. INTENTIONAL INVASIONS OF INTERESTS IN
PERSONALITY
<d2.o n="A. Assault and Battery.
<d3.o n="1. Nature and Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§381] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§382] Statutory Actions.
<d3.o n="2. Elements.
<d4.o n="(a) [§383] Offensive Contact.
<d4.o n="(b) [§384] Intent.
<d4.o n="(c) [§385] Present Ability.
<d3.o n="3. Plaintiff''s Consent to Act.
<d4.o n="(a) [§386] Nature of Defense.
<d4.o n="(b) [§387] Participation in Illegal Activity.
<d4.o n="(c) Consent to Operation or Treatment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§388] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Minor or Incompetent Patient.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§389] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§390] Treatment of Mental Disorders.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§391] Abortion Without Parental Consent.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§392] Procedure When Long-Term Health Facility
Resident Loses Competency.
<d5.o n="(3) [§393] Implied Consent.
<d5.o n="(4) [§394] Exceeding Scope of Consent.
<d5.o n="(5) Nondisclosure and Uninformed Consent.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§395] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§396] As Battery.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§397] As Negligence.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§398] Causation of Injury.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§399] Emergency Exception to Duty To Inform.
<d5.o n="(6) Required Disclosure.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§400] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§401] Duty To Disclose Risks of Not Consenting.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§402] Duty To Disclose Information Unrelated to Patient'' Health.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§403] No Duty To Inform Respecting Unrecommended
Procedure.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§404] No Duty To Inform Respecting Illegal Procedure.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§405] Duty of Specialist.
<d5.o n="(7) Particular Procedures and Information.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§406] Breast Cancer.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§407] Hysterectomy.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§408] Sperm or Ova Removal.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§409] Cosmetic Implants.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§410] Statistical Life Expectancy.
<d4.o n="(d) Consent to Medical Experimentation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§411] Nature of Statute.
<d5.o n="(2) [§412] Scope of Statute.
<d5.o n="(3) [§413] Experimental Subject'' Bill of Rights.
<d5.o n="(4) [§414] Consent Required.
<d5.o n="(5) [§415] Civil and Criminal Sanctions.
<d4.o n="(e) [§416] Consent Fraudulently Obtained.
<d3.o n="4. Privilege of Defendant.
<d4.o n="(a) Self-Defense and Defense of Third Person.
<d5.o n="(1) [§417] Nature and Scope of Privilege.
<d5.o n="(2) [§418] Conditions.
<d4.o n="(b) Defense or Recapture of Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§419] Use of Reasonable Force.
<d5.o n="(2) [§420] Use of Deadly Force.
<d5.o n="(3) [§421] No Privilege for Forcible Entry.
<d5.o n="(4) [§422] Recaption of Personal Property.
<d4.o n="(c) [§423] Defense Against Animal.
<d4.o n="(d) [§424] Arrest by Police Officer.
<d4.o n="(f) [§425] Control of Pupils.
<d2.o n="B. False Imprisonment.
<d3.o n="1. Nature of Tort.
<d4.o n="(a) [§426] Definition and Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§427] Necessity of Restraint.
<d4.o n="(c) [§428] Methods of Restraint.
<d4.o n="(d) [§429] Persons Restrained.
<d4.o n="(e) [§430] Necessity for Awareness or Harm.
<d3.o n="2. Privilege.
<d4.o n="(a) Reasonable Detention Without Arrest.
<d5.o n="(1) [§431] Judicially Created Privileges.
<d5.o n="(2) [§432] Statutory Privileges.
<d5.o n="(3) [§433] Distinction: Detention of Patient.
<d4.o n="(b) Arrest.
<d5.o n="(1) [§434] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Felony Arrest Without Warrant.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§435] When Arrest Is Authorized.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§436] Reasonable Cause.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§437] Arrest Based on Entrapment.
<d5.o n="(3) Misdemeanor Arrest Without Warrant.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§438] Arrest by Peace Officer or Authorized Public
Employee.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§439] Arrest by Private Person.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§440] Delayed Arrest.
<d5.o n="(4) Arrest With Warrant.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§441] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§442] Warrant Defective on Face.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§443] Arrest of Wrong Person.
<d5.o n="(5) [§444] Mechanics of Arrest.
<d4.o n="(c) Conduct After Arrest.
<d5.o n="(1) [§445] Delayed Taking Before Magistrate.
<d5.o n="(2) [§446] Trespass Ab Initio Doctrine Repudiated.
<d5.o n="(3) [§447] Release of Arrested Person.
<d4.o n="(d) [§448] Furnishing Information Leading to Arrest.
<d2.o n="C. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.
<d3.o n="1. Independent Tort.
<d4.o n="(a) [§449] Classification and Development.
<d4.o n="(b) [§450] Protected Interest in Peace of Mind.
<d3.o n="2. Elements.
<d4.o n="(a) [§451] Outrageous Conduct.
<d4.o n="(b) [§452] Severe Emotional Distress.
<d4.o n="(c) [§453] Intentional or Reckless Conduct.
<d4.o n="(d) [§454] Causation.
<d3.o n="3. Defenses.
<d4.o n="(a) [§455] Privilege.
<d4.o n="(b) [§456] Constitutionally Protected Speech or Conduct.
<d3.o n="4. Particular Conduct.
<d4.o n="(a) [§457] Acts of Landlords.
<d4.o n="(b) [§458] Collectors'' Tactics.
<d4.o n="(c) [§459] Insurers'' Tactics.
<d4.o n="(d) [§460] Interference With Dead Body.
<d4.o n="(e) [§461] Other Situations.
<d2.o n="D. Interference With Access.
<d3.o n="1. [§462] Commercial Blockade.
<d3.o n="2. [§463] Interference With Access to Clinic or Church.
<d2.o n="E. Marketing of Illegal Drugs.
<d3.o n="1. [§464] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§465] Who May Recover.
<d3.o n="3. [§466] Who Is Liable.
<d2.o n="F. [§467] Domestic Violence.
<d2.o n="G. [§468] Gender-Related Violence.
H. [§468A] (New) Human Trafficking.
. [§468B] (New) Implantation of
Identification Device.
IV. INTENTIONAL INJURIES TO REPUTATION AND SIMILAR
INTERESTS
<d2.o n="AMalicious Prosecution.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§469] Nature of Tort.
<d4.o n="(b) [§470] Other Torts Distinguished.
<d4.o n="(c) [§471] Action as Disfavored.
<d4.o n="(d) [§472] Defense of Plaintiff'' Guilt or Liability.
<d4.o n="(e) [§473] No Defense of Absolute Privilege.
<d4.o n="(f) [§474] Preemption by Federal Remedies.
<d3.o n="2Malicious Prosecution of Criminal Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(a) [§475] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§476] Institution of Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(c) Favorable Termination.
<d5.o n="(1) [§477] Nature of Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§478] Termination Consistent With Guilt.
<d5.o n="(3) [§479] Final Termination Unnecessary.
<d4.o n="(d) Lack of Probable Cause.
<d5.o n="(1) [§480] Nature of Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§481] Proof and Determination of Issue.
<d5.o n="(3) [§482] Advice of Counsel.
<d5.o n="(4) Action by Magistrate, Grand Jury, or Court.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§483] Action Unfavorable to Accused.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§484] Action Favorable to Accused.
<d4.o n="(e) [§485] Malice.
<d3.o n="3. Malicious Institution of Civil Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(a) In General.
<d5.o n="(1) [§486] Nature of Tort.
<d5.o n="(2) [§487] Public Entity Cannot Sue.
<d4.o n="(b) Proceedings That May Give Rise to Liability.
<d5.o n="(1) [§488] Action or Special Proceeding.
<d5.o n="(2) [§489] Ancillary Proceeding.
<d5.o n="(3) [§490] Order To Show Cause.
<d5.o n="(4) [§491] Cross-Complaint.
<d5.o n="(5) [§492] Declaratory Judgment.
<d4.o n="(c) Proceedings That Do Not Give Rise to Liability.
<d5.o n="(1) [§493] Subsidiary or Defensive Procedures Within
Action.
<d5.o n="(2) [§494] Small Claims Proceeding.
<d5.o n="(3) [§495] Contractual Arbitration.
<d5.o n="(4) [§496] Family Law Proceedings.
(5) [§496A] (New) Petition for
Injunction Prohibiting Harassment.
(6) [§496B] (New) Petition To Enjoin
Workplace Violence or Threats.
<d4.o n="(d) [§497] Institution or Continuation of Prior Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(e) Favorable Termination.
<d5.o n="(1) [§498] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§499] Requirement That Proceeding Have Terminated.
<d5.o n="(3) [§500] Partially Favorable Result.
<d5.o n="(4) [§501] Dismissal Reflecting on Merits.
<d5.o n="(5) [§502] Dismissal Not Reflecting on Merits.
<d5.o n="(6) [§503] Failure To Make Discovery.
<d5.o n="(7) [§504] Judicial Arbitration Award.
<d5.o n="(8) [§505] Determination After Remand.
<d4.o n="(f) Lack of Probable Cause.
<d5.o n="(1) [§506] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§507] Judgment or Ruling in Prior Proceeding.
<d5.o n="(3) [§508] Some, But Not All, Claims or Amounts Supported
by Probable Cause.
<d5.o n="(4) [§509] Advice of Attorney.
<d5.o n="(5) [§510] Action Against Attorney.
<d4.o n="(g) Malice.
<d5.o n="(1) [§511] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§512] Family Law Proceedings.
<d3.o n="4. Malicious Institution of Administrative
Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(a) [§513] General Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) Distinctions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§514] Proceeding Not Instituted Against Another.
<d5.o n="(2) [§515] Investigation Without Hearing.
<d5.o n="(3) [§516] Proceeding Initiated After Independent
Investigation.
<d2.o n="B. Abuse of Process.
<d3.o n="1. [§517] Nature of Tort.
<d3.o n="2. Scope of "Process."
<d4.o n="(a) [§518] Any Judicial Procedure.
<d4.o n="(b) [§519] Distinction: Court Action Not Involved.
<d4.o n="(c) [§520] Distinction: Malicious Appeal.
<d3.o n="3. Elements.
<d4.o n="(a) [§521] Ulterior Purpose.
<d4.o n="(b) [§522] Wilful Act in Use of Process.
<d3.o n="4. Particular Abuses.
<d4.o n="(a) Attachment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§523] Improper or Excessive Attachment.
<d5.o n="(2) [§524] Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§525] Action Disregarding Venue Statutes.
<d4.o n="(c) [§526] Improper Use of Discovery.
<d4.o n="(d) [§527] Filing or Recording To Harass or Influence
Public Employee.
<d3.o n="5. [§528] Defense of Absolute Privilege.
<d2.o n="C. Defamation.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§529] Nature of Tort.
<d4.o n="(b) [§530] Libel and Slander Distinguished.
<d4.o n="(c) Who May Be Defamed.
<d5.o n="(1) [§531] Class of Persons.
<d5.o n="(2) [§532] Corporation, Partnership, or Association.
<d5.o n="(3) [§533] Distinction: Deceased Person.
<d4.o n="(d) [§534] Commentary and Practice Works.
<d3.o n="2. Publication of Statement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§535] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§536] Unintended Publication.
<d4.o n="(c) [§537] Republication.
<d4.o n="(d) [§538] Single Publication Rule.
<d3.o n="3. Defamatory Character of Statement.
<d4.o n="(a) Libel.
<d5.o n="(1) In General.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§539] Statutory Definition.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§540] Common Law Rule: All Libel Is Actionable Without
Proof of Special Damage.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§541] California Doctrine of Libel Per Se.
<d5.o n="(2) Illustrations of Libel Per Se.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§542] Charges of Criminal Conduct.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§543] Charges of Other Misconduct or Character Defect.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§544] Epithets and Derogatory Suggestions.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§545] Ascribing Damaging Statements to Plaintiff.
<d5.o n="(3) Statements Not Susceptible of Defamatory
Meaning.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§546] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§547] Humor or Parody.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§548] Political Cartoons.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§549] Employee Evaluation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§550] Statements Susceptible of Multiple Meanings.
<d4.o n="(b) Slander.
<d5.o n="(1) [§551] Statutory Definition.
<d5.o n="(2) [§552] Slander Per Se.
<d5.o n="(3) [§553] Injury to Business or Professional Reputation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§554] Statement Made in Jest.
<d4.o n="(c) [§555] Pleading and Proof of Defamatory Meaning.
<d3.o n="4. Defenses.
<d4.o n="(a) Truth.
<d5.o n="(1) [§556] Nature of Defense.
<d5.o n="(2) [§557] Truth of Substance of Charge Is Sufficient.
<d5.o n="(3) [§558] Effect of Emphasizing Truthful Statement.
<d5.o n="(4) [§559] Accurate Repetition Is No Defense.
<d5.o n="(5) [§560] Burden of Proof.
<d4.o n="(b) Absolute Privilege.
<d5.o n="(1) In General.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§561] Nature of Defense.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§562] Statutory Framework.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§563] Scope of Privilege.
<d5.o n="(2) Discharge of Official Duty.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§564] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§565] High Ranking Officials.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§566] Lower Ranking Officials.
<d5.o n="(3) Judicial Proceedings.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§567] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§568] Persons Protected.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§569] Relevancy Limitation.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§570] No Interest of Justice Exception.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§571] Steps Before and After Trial.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§572] Quasi-Judicial Proceedings.
<d6.o n="(gg) [§573] Arbitration Proceedings.
<d6.o n="(hh) [§574] Grand Jury Proceedings.
<d6.o n="(ii) [§575] Petition for Probate.
<d6.o n="(jj) [§576] Proceedings in Foreign Country.
<d6.o n="(kk) [§577] Attorney Communications.
<d6.o n="(ll) " sec="[§578] Statements to Media.
<d5.o n="(4) [§579] Legislative Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(5) Other Official Proceedings.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§580] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§581] Scope of Privilege.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§582] Report to Police.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§583] Relevancy Limitation.
<d5.o n="(6) [§584] Proceedings Reviewable by Mandamus.
<d5.o n="(7) Report of Official Proceeding or Complaint.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§585] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§586] Proceedings Within Privilege.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§587] Requirement That Statement Be Fair and True.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§588] Limitations on Communications to Public
Journals.
<d5.o n="(8) [§589] Report of Public Meeting.
<d5.o n="(9) [§590] Consent.
<d4.o n="(c) Qualified Privilege.
<d5.o n="(1) [§591] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Freedom From Malice.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§592] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§593] What Constitutes Malice.
<d5.o n="(3) Requirement of Interest.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§594] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§595] Communication Between Partners, Corporate
Directors or Officers, or Association Members.
<d5.o n="(4) [§596] Request for Information.
<d5.o n="(5) [§597] Credit Report.
<d5.o n="(6) [§598] Answer to Defamatory Charge.
<d5.o n="(7) [§599] No "Public-Interest" Privilege for Media.
<d5.o n="(8) [§600] Pleading and Proof.
<d4.o n="(d) Constitutional Limits on Recovery.
<d5.o n="(1) [§601] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Statements Concerning Public Officials or Public
Figures.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§602] New
York Times Rule:
Requirement of Actual Malice.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§603] Public Official Plaintiffs.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§604] Public Figure Plaintiffs.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§605] Who Are Not Public Figures.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§606] Nonmedia Defendants.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§607] Governmental Defendants.
<d6.o n="(gg) [§608] Ambiguous Statements.
<d6.o n="(hh) [§609] Inaccurate Quotations.
<d6.o n="(ii) [§610] Discovery Concerning Defendant''s State of Mind.
<d6.o n="(jj) [§611] Standard of Proof.
<d6.o n="(kk) [§612] Independent Appellate Review.
<d5.o n="(2) Statements Concerning Private Individuals.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§613] Gertz Rule.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§614] Burden of Proof on Falsity.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§615] Matters of Purely Private Concern.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§616] No Neutral Reportage Privilege.
<d4.o n="(e) Fair Comment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§617] Common Law Privilege.
<d5.o n="(2) Constitutional Protections.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§618] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§619] No Separate Constitutional Privilege for
Opinions.
<d5.o n="(3) Particular Statements.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§620] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§621] Statements in Labor Disputes.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§622] Statements in Political Campaign.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§623] Criticism of Judge.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§624] Criticism of Performance of Profession or
Occupation.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§625] Review of Program.
<d4.o n="(f) Innocence or Good Faith.
<d5.o n="(1) [§626] Original Publisher.
<d5.o n="(2) [§627] Ordinary Disseminator or Circulator.
<d5.o n="(3) [§628] Radio or Television Broadcaster.
<d4.o n="(g) Retraction by Newspaper or Broadcaster.
<d5.o n="(1) [§629] Background and Scope of Statute.
<d5.o n="(2) Notice and Demand.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§630] Necessity.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§631] Persons Served.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§632] Specification of Statements.
<d5.o n="(3) [§633] Retraction.
<d5.o n="(4) Scope of Statutory Protection.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§634] Publisher and Author.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§635] Other Participants.
<d5.o n="(5) Where Statute Does Not Apply.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§636] Slander.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§637] Publication in Magazines.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§638] Nonparticipants.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§639] Republication.
<d2.o n="D. Slander of Title and Trade Libel.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§640] Nature of Causes of Action.
<d4.o n="(b) [§641] Restatement.
<d3.o n="2. What Constitutes Slander of Title.
<d4.o n="(a) [§642] Elements.
<d4.o n="(b) [§643] Illustrations.
<d4.o n="(c) [§644] Instrument Void on Its Face.
<d3.o n="3. [§645] What Constitutes Trade Libel.
<d3.o n="4. [§646] Damage: Pecuniary Loss.
<d3.o n="5. Defenses.
<d4.o n="(a) [§647] Truth.
<d4.o n="(b) [§648] Absolute Privilege.
<d4.o n="(c) [§649] Qualified Privilege.
<d4.o n="(d) [§650] Constitutional Limits on Recovery.
<d2.o n="E. Invasion of Privacy.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§651] Nature of Right to Privacy.
<d4.o n="(b) [§652] Defamation Distinguished.
<d4.o n="(c) [§653] No Relational Right.
<d4.o n="(d) [§654] Private Disclosure.
<d4.o n="(e) [§655] Oral Disclosure.
<d4.o n="(f) [§656] Necessity of Showing Malice.
<d4.o n="(g) [§657] Commentary.
<d3.o n="2. Intrusion into Private Affairs.
<d4.o n="(a) Common Law Action.
<d5.o n="(1) [§658] In General.
<d5.o n="(2)