9 Summary of California Law (10th), Taxation

 

<d1.o n="I. ">INTRODUCTION

<d2.o n="A. " sec="1] ">Nature of Taxing Power.

<d2.o n="B. " sec="2] ">Limitations on Power.

<d2.o n="C. ">Construction of Tax Statutes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="3] ">Early Position: Strict Construction Against Government.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="4] ">Exemptions Construed Against Taxpayer.

<d2.o n="D. " sec="5] ">Types of Taxes.

<d2.o n="E. ">Intergovernmental Taxation and Immunity.

<d3.o n="1. ">Theory and Scope of Immunity.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="6] ">Federal Immunity.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="7] ">State Immunity.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="8] ">Express Waiver of Immunity.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="9] ">Express Grant of Immunity.

<d3.o n="2. ">Indirect Burdens.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="10] ">Former Rule of Immunity.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Rejection of Indirect Burden Theory.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="11] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="12] ">Government Contractors.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="13] ">Privilege or Use Tax.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="14] ">Exception: Discriminatory Tax Is Invalid.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="15] ">Income From Government Obligations.

<d1.o n="II. ">PUBLIC PURPOSE IN STATE TAXATION

<d2.o n="A. " sec="16] ">In General.

<d2.o n="B. ">California Constitution: Gift of Public Money.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="17] ">Invalid Expenditures.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="18] ">Public Purpose Exception.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="19] ">Retroactive Cancellation of Tax.

<d1.o n="III. ">DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION

<d2.o n="A. ">Procedural Due Process.

<d3.o n="1. ">Notice and Hearing.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="20] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="21] ">Sufficiency of Notice.

<d3.o n="2. ">Summary Collection Procedure.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="22] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="23] ">Sale Without Hearing Is Invalid.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="24] ">Security for Administrative Review.

<d2.o n="B. ">Substantive Due Process.

<d3.o n="1. ">Special Assessment for Local Improvements.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Assessment Without or in Excess of Benefits.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="25] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="26] ">Judicial Review.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="27] ">Curative Act Does Not Make Invalid Assessment Safe From Attack.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="28] ">Reassessment Where Benefits Are Not Realized.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="29] ">Fraudulent Assessment.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="30] ">Retroactive Tax.

<d3.o n="3. ">Jurisdiction.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="31] ">Jurisdiction Over Person.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="32] ">Jurisdiction Over Real Property.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Jurisdiction Over Tangible Personal Property.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="33] ">Property With Fixed Situs.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="34] ">Property Without Fixed Situs.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Jurisdiction Over Intangibles: Multiple Taxation.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="35] ">Earlier Theories and Decisions.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="36] ">Present Rule: Multiple Taxation Is Valid.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Multiple Findings of Domicile.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="37] ">Validity of Multiple Taxation.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="38] ">Statutory Solutions: Compromise or Arbitration.

<d2.o n="C. ">Equal Protection: Discriminatory Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. ">Unequal Assessment: Administrative Discrimination.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="39] ">What Constitutes Invalid Discrimination.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="40] ">Showing of Intentional Discrimination.

<d3.o n="2. ">Classification of Subjects of Tax.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="41] ">Power To Select and Grant Exemptions.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="42] ">Valid Discrimination for Regulatory Purposes.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="43] ">Valid Discrimination for Retaliatory Purposes.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Invalid Discrimination.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="44] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="45] ">Discriminatory Exemptions.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="46] ">Domestic Preference Tax on Insurance Companies.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Municipal License Taxes and Fees.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="47] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="48] ">No Fixed Place of Business.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="49] ">Places of Amusement.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="50] ">Transient Lodger.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="51] ">Extraterritorial Tax.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="52] ">Nonresident Commuter.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="53] ">Tax To Defeat Exemption.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="54] ">School Taxes.

<d1.o n="IV. ">STATE TAXES AFFECTING FOREIGN COMMERCE

<d2.o n="A. ">State Cannot Tax Imports.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="55] ">Constitutional Prohibition.

<d3.o n="2. ">Original Package Doctrine.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="56] ">Theory and Scope of Doctrine.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="57] ">Limitations on Application.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="58] ">Doctrine Abrogated.

<d2.o n="B. ">State Cannot Tax Exports.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="59] ">Constitutional Prohibition.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="60] ">Commerce Clause Distinguished.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="61] ">Sale of Bunker Fuel Is Not Export.

<d3.o n="2. ">When Immunity Arises.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="62] ">Test: Course of Transportation.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="63] ">Test Met and Goods Immune.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="64] ">Test Not Met and Tax Valid.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="65] ">Interruption of Transportation.

<d1.o n="V. ">STATE TAXES AFFECTING INTERSTATE COMMERCE

<d2.o n="A. ">In General.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="66] ">Commerce Is Not Wholly Immune.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="67] ">Test of Unreasonable Burden.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="68] ">Discriminatory Exemptions.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="69] ">Postpayment Remedies for Invalid Taxes.

<d2.o n="B. ">Gross Receipts and Net Income Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="70] ">Gross Receipts Tax as Direct Burden.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="71] ">Multiple Burdens and Apportioned Gross Receipts Tax.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="72] ">Net Income From Interstate Commerce.

<d2.o n="C. ">Property Tax on Instrumentalities or Goods.

<d3.o n="1. ">Apportionment Required.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="73] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="74] ">Railroad Rolling Stock.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Aircraft.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="75] ">Domestic Aircraft in Foreign Commerce.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="76] ">Foreign Aircraft in Foreign Commerce.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="77] ">Aircraft Operating Between Air Force Bases.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="78] ">Codification of Law on Interstate Flight.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="79] ">Oceangoing Vessels.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="80] ">Instrumentalities of Foreign Commerce.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="81] ">Goods in Interstate Sale.

<d2.o n="D. ">Sales and Use Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. ">Use Tax After Interstate Sale.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="82] ">Theory of Tax.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="83] ">Valid Taxes.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Invalid Taxes.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="84] ">Denial of Equal Protection.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="85] ">Violation of Due Process.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="86] ">Due Process and Commerce Power.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="87] ">Sales Tax Where Local Activity Occurs.

<d2.o n="E. " sec="88] ">License Tax on Interstate Salesperson.

<d2.o n="F. ">Privilege Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="89] ">Privilege of Using Highways.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="90] ">Privilege of Using Airport.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="91] ">Privilege of Maintaining Facilities.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="92] ">Privilege of Conducting Local Activity.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="93] ">Privilege of Doing Business.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="94] ">Invalid Tax on Interstate Commerce.

<d1.o n="VI. ">STATE FRANCHISE TAXES ON FOREIGN CORPORATIONS

<d2.o n="A. " sec="95] ">Subject of Tax.

<d2.o n="B. ">Measure of Tax: Apportionment.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="96] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Unitary Business/Formula Theory.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="97] ">Apportionment of Total Business Income.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="98] ">Deductibility of Interest Expenses.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Multinational Business Involved.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="99] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="100] ">Bank Cases.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Multinational Business Not Involved.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="101] ">Unitary Business.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="102] ">No Unitary Business.

<d2.o n="C. " sec="103] ">Tax on Dividends Paid Outside State.

<d2.o n="D. " sec="104] ">Entrance Fee Based on Entire Capital.

<d1.o n="VII. ">FEDERAL TAXING POWER

<d2.o n="A. " sec="105] ">Nature of Power.

<d2.o n="B. " sec="106] ">Limitations on Power.

<d2.o n="C. ">Public Purpose: Regulatory Objects.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="107] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="108] ">Federal Tax in Field of State Power.

<d1.o n="VIII. ">OVERVIEW OF CALIFORNIA TAXATION SYSTEM

<d2.o n="A. " sec="109] ">Constitutional and Statutory Sources.

<d2.o n="B. ">Legislative Power and Limitations.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="110] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="111] ">No Delegation of Power to Private Entity.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="112] ">Double Taxation.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="113] ">Limitations Relating to Tax Rate.

<d2.o n="C. ">Subjects of Local and State Taxation.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="114] ">City and County Taxes.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="115] ">State Taxes.

<d2.o n="D. " sec="116] ">State Tax Liens.

<d2.o n="E. ">Limitations on Spending.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="117] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="118] ">Scope of Limitation.

<d3.o n="3. ">Reimbursement of Local Costs.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="119] ">Requirement.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="120] ">Reimbursement Required.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="121] ">Reimbursement Not Required.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="122] ">Local Government''&apos;s Action To Avoid Expenditure.

<d2.o n="F. ">Taxpayers''&apos; Bill of Rights.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="123] ">Statutory Framework.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="124] ">Provisions.

<d1.o n="IX. ">PROPOSITION 13 AND SUBSEQUENT LIMITATIONS ON TAXING POWER

<d2.o n="A. " sec="125] ">Adoption of Proposition 13.

<d2.o n="B. ">Restrictions on Power To Tax Real Property.

<d3.o n="1. ">One Percent of Full Cash Value.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="126] ">General Rule.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="127] ">Exception for Preapproved Indebtedness.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="128] ">Other Exceptions.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="129] ">Apportionment to Districts.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="130] ">Restrictions on State Taxes.

<d3.o n="4. ">Restrictions on Local Taxes.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="131] ">Constitutional and Statutory Bases for Restrictions.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="132] ">Majority Approval for Previously Enacted Taxes.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Two-Thirds Approval for Special Taxes.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="133] ">Rule.

<d5.o n="(2) ">Definition of Special Taxes Before Proposition 218.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="134] ">Levies That Qualify as Special Taxes.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="135] ">Levies That Do Not Qualify as Special Taxes.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="136] ">Definition of Special Taxes After Proposition 218.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Majority Approval for Local General Taxes.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="137] ">Rule.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="138] ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="139] ">Applicability to Special Districts.

<d3.o n="5. ">Restrictions on Assessments.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="140] ">Proposition 13 Is Not Applicable.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Effect of Proposition 218.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="141] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="142] ">Voter Approval Requirements.

<d3.o n="6. ">Restrictions on Other Local Fees and Charges.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="143] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="144] ">Voter Approval Requirements.

<d2.o n="C. ">Acquisition Value as Full Cash Value.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="145] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="146] ">Constitutionality of Base Year Valuation.

<d2.o n="D. ">Purchase or Change in Ownership After 1975 Lien Date.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="147] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Included Transactions.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="148] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="149] ">Sale and Leaseback.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="150] ">Transactions Between Legal Entities.

<d3.o n="3. ">Excluded Transactions.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="151] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Transfer Between Parent and Child.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="152] ">Scope of Exclusion.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="153] ">Filing Claim for Exclusion.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="154] ">Transfer From Grandparent to Grandchild.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="155] ">Purchase or Transfer of Ownership Interest in Legal Entity.

<d2.o n="E. " sec="156] ">New Construction After 1975 Lien Date.

<d2.o n="F. ">Other Changes in Base Year Value.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="157] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="158] ">Replacement Property Following Disaster.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="159] ">Replacement of Contaminated Property.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="160] ">Replacement Property for Seniors and Severely Disabled Homeowners.

<d2.o n="G. " sec="161] ">Computation of Taxable Value.

<d2.o n="H. " sec="162] ">Supplemental Assessment.

<d1.o n="X. ">LOCAL PROPERTY TAXATION

<d2.o n="A. ">Property Subject total.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="163] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Real Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="164] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="165] ">Improvements.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Possessory Interests.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="166] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="167] ">Exempt and Public Property.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="168] ">Condominiums and Common Interest Developments.

<d3.o n="3. ">Tangible Personal Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="169] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="170] ">Aircraft.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="171] ">Manufactured Homes.

<d3.o n="4. ">Ownership and Possession as Basis of Tax.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="172] ">Owner.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="173] ">Person in Possession.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="174] ">Representative.

<d3.o n="5. ">Leases and Leasehold Interests.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="175] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="176] ">Where Reversion Is Exempt.

<d3.o n="6. ">County or City Property Outside Boundaries.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="177] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="178] ">Water Rights.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="179] ">Improvements.

<d2.o n="B. ">Exemptions.

<d3.o n="1. ">Public Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="180] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="181] ">Federal and State Property.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="182] ">County and Municipal Property.

<d3.o n="2. ">Schools and Colleges.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="183] ">Religious, Charitable, and Hospital Schools.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="184] ">Public Schools and Colleges.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="185] ">Nonprofit Colleges.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="186] ">Church and Religious Exemption.

<d3.o n="4. ">Welfare Exemption.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="187] ">Nature, Purpose, and Scope.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="188] ">Property Used Exclusively for Specified Purpose.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="189] ">Property Irrevocably Dedicated to Specified Purpose.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="190] ">Nonprofit Organization.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="191] ">Qualification as Tax-Exempt Organization.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Hospitals.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="192] ">Nonprofit Facilities and Activities.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="193] ">Activities Resulting in Profit.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="194] ">Religious Organizations and Activities.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Charitable Activities.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="195] ">Exempt.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="196] ">Not Exempt.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="197] ">Civic Theatre as Charitable Activity.

<d3.o n="5. ">Veterans''&apos; Exemptions.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="198] ">Honorably Discharged Veteran.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="199] ">Disabled or Blind Veteran.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="200] ">Veterans''&apos; Organizations.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="201] ">Intangibles.

<d3.o n="7. " sec="202] ">Possessory Interest in Personal Property.

<d3.o n="8. " sec="203] ">Burial Property.

<d3.o n="9. " sec="204] ">Growing Crops, Trees, and Vines.

<d3.o n="10. . " sec="205] ">Vessels and Aircraft.

<d3.o n="11. " sec="206] ">Libraries, Museums, and Exhibits.

<d3.o n="12. " sec="207] ">Homeowners''&apos; and Householders''&apos; Exemptions.

<d3.o n="13. " sec="208] ">Business Inventories.

<d3.o n="14. " sec="209] ">Property of Minimal Value.

<d3.o n="15. " sec="210] ">Other Exempt Property.

<d3.o n="16. " sec="211] ">Reduction of Rent Where Use Is Exempt.

<d2.o n="C. ">Valuation.

<d3.o n="1. ">Development of Law.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="212] ">Former Law.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="213] ">Constitutional Revision of 1974.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="214] ">Present System of Full Value Assessment.

<d3.o n="2. ">Valuation Methods.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="215] ">Cost Method.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="216] ">Market Data or Comparable Sales Method.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="217] ">Income or Capitalization Method.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="218] ">Combination of Methods.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="219] ">Sales Tax as Element of Valuation.

<d3.o n="4. ">Valuation of Possessory Interests.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="220] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="221] ">Rent Paid by Lessee of Exempt Property.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="222] ">Valuation of Time-share Interests.

<d3.o n="6. ">Valuation of Open Space Land.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="223] ">Development of Law.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="224] ">Valuation Rules.

<d3.o n="7. " sec="225] ">Valuation of Timber and Timberland.

<d3.o n="8. " sec="226] ">Valuation of Land Subject to Restrictions.

<d3.o n="9. " sec="227] ">Other Special Rules.

<d2.o n="D. ">Assessment Procedure.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="228] ">Lien Date.

<d3.o n="2. ">Taxpayer''&apos;s Statement and Information.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="229] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="230] ">Arbitrary and Penal Assessments.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Escape Assessment.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="231] ">Grounds.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="232] ">Time Limits.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="233] ">Notice.

<d3.o n="3. ">Claim of Exemption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="234] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="235] ">Noncompliance With Claims Procedure.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="236] ">Cancellation of Past Taxes.

<d3.o n="4. ">Assessment Roll.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="237] ">Nature and Content.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="238] ">Effect of Mistake in Description.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="239] ">Information to Assessees.

<d3.o n="5. ">Assessment of Utilities Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="240] ">Constitutional Provision.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="241] ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="242] ">Valuation Methods.

<d2.o n="E. ">Equalization.

<d3.o n="1. ">County Board of Equalization.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="243] ">Nature and Function.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Procedure Before County Board.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="244] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="245] ">Notice and Application.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="246] ">Hearing Procedure.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="247] ">Effect of Board''&apos;s Failure To Hear Evidence.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="248] ">Decision and Correction of Roll.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="249] ">Review.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="250] ">State Board of Equalization.

<d2.o n="F. ">Levy and Lien of Tax.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="251] ">Levy of Tax.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="252] ">Nature and Effect of Tax Liens.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="253] ">Property Subject to Lien.

<d2.o n="G. ">Collection of Taxes Secured by Lien.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="254] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="255] ">Notice and Tax Bill.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="256] ">Payment.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="257] ">Penalties.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="258] ">Inspection of Delinquency Records.

<d2.o n="H. ">Tax-Defaulted Property.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="259] ">Former Law.

<d3.o n="2. ">Default Procedure.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="260] ">Revision in 1984.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="261] ">Notice and Declaration of Default.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="262] ">Delinquent List and Notice of Intent To Sell.

<d3.o n="3. ">Sale of Tax-Defaulted Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="263] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="264] ">Bids and Payment.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="265] ">Distribution of Proceeds.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="266] ">Tax Deed and Its Effect.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="267] ">Rights and Remedies of Purchaser.

<d3.o n="4. ">Redemption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="268] ">Right To Redeem.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="269] ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="270] ">Partial Redemption.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="271] ">Termination of Right.

<d3.o n="5. ">Sale of Tax Certificates.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="272] ">Purpose of Statute.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="273] ">Nature of Certificates.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="274] ">Conduct of Sale.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="275] ">Establishment of Redemption Fund.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="276] ">Payments to Holder.

<d2.o n="I">Collection of Unsecured Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="277] ">Delinquency.

<d3.o n="2. ">Seizure and Sale.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="278] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="279] ">Seizure and Sale Before Delinquency.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="280] ">No Tax Lien or Priority.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="281] ">Other Options for Collection.

<d2.o n="J. ">Defects in Tax Proceedings.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="282] ">Strict Compliance by Taxing Authority.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="283] ">Curative Steps and Legislation.

<d2.o n="K. ">Remedies of Owner or Taxpayer.

<d3.o n="1. ">Administrative Remedies.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="284] ">Cancellation of Assessment or Tax.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="285] ">Claim for Refund of Tax.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="286] ">When Required.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="287] ">When Not Required.

<d3.o n="2. ">Actions.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Action To Quiet Title.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="288] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="289] ">Duty To Reimburse Purchaser.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Action To Recover Taxes Paid.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="290] ">No Recovery Where Payment Is Voluntary.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="291] ">Recovery Where Payment Is Coerced.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Action After Rejection of Claim for Refund.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="292] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="293] ">Procedure.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="294] ">Judgment.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Injunction or Other Equitable Relief.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="295] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="296] ">Statutory Restriction.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="297] ">Constitutional Restriction.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="298] ">Declaratory Relief.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="299] ">Extraordinary Writs.

<d2.o n="L. ">Tax Assistance and Postponement.

<d3.o n="1. ">Tax Assistance.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="300] ">Nature of Program.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="301] ">Restrictions.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="302] ">Procedure.

<d3.o n="2. ">Tax Postponement.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="303] ">Nature and Scope of Program.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="304] ">Definitions.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="305] ">Conditions and Restrictions.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="306] ">Claims.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="307] ">Payment.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="308] ">Security and Enforcement.

<d1.o n="XI. ">OTHER LOCAL TAXATION

<d2.o n="A. ">Local License Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="309] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="310] ">Authority of Charter Cities.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="311] ">Constitutional Challenges.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="312] ">Statutory Challenges.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="313] ">Occupation Tax on Employee.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="314] ">Condominium Business License Tax.

<d2.o n="B. ">Local Sales and Use Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="315] ">Uniform Rates and Practice.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="316] ">Adoption of Ordinance.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="317] ">Rate, Exemptions, and Credit.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="318] ">Administration and Collection.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="319] ">Place of Sale.

<d2.o n="C. " sec="320] ">Documentary Transfer Tax.

<d2.o n="D. " sec="321] ">Retail Transaction and Use Taxes.

<d2.o n="E. " sec="322] ">Utility Users''&apos; Taxes.

<d2.o n="F. " sec="323] ">Occupancy Taxes.

<d2.o n="G. " sec="324] ">Other Taxes.

<d1.o n="XII. ">STATE TAXATION

<d2.o n="A. ">Succession and Death Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="325] ">Former Inheritance Tax.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="326] ">Former Gift Tax.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="327] ">Repeal of Inheritance and Gift Taxes.

<d3.o n="4. ">Estate Tax.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="328] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="329] ">Returns, Payment, and Refunds.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="330] ">Collection of Tax.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="331] ">Generation Skipping Transfer Tax.

<d2.o n="B. ">Personal Income Tax.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="332] ">Nature of Tax.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="333] ">Residents and Nonresidents.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="334] ">Rates of Tax.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="335] ">Adjustments to Income Tax.

<d2.o n="C. ">Bank and Corporation Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="336] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="337] ">Banks and Other Financial Institutions.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="338] ">General Corporations.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="339] ">Methods of Apportioning Income.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="340] ">Foreign Corporation Income Tax.

<d2.o n="D. ">Gross Premiums Tax on Insurance Companies.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="341] ">Nature and Scope of Tax.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="342] ">Rates.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="343] ">Other Taxes on Insurers.

<d2.o n="E. ">Sales and Use Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. ">Sales Tax.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="344] ">Privilege Tax on Retailer.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="345] ">Administration.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="346] ">Gross Receipts.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Sale.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="347] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="348] ">Statutory Expansion of Definition.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="349] ">Labor as Element of Sale.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Retail Sale.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="350] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="351] ">Sales for Resale Excluded.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="352] ">Sale of Equipment.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Retailer.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="353] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="354] ">Consumers Distinguished.

<d3.o n="2. ">Use Tax.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="355] ">Excise Tax on Use.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="356] ">Tax on Buyer Collected by Retailer.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="357] ">Nature of Use.

<d3.o n="3. ">Immunities and Exemptions.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Constitutional Immunity.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="358] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="359] ">First Amendment Religion Clause.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Statutory Exemptions.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="360] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="361] ">Food and Food Products.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="362] ">Medicines and Health Care Materials.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="363] ">Containers.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="364] ">Occasional Sales.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="365] ">Miscellaneous Exemptions.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="366] ">Exemptions To Avoid Double Taxation.

<d3.o n="4. ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="367] ">Permit, Registration, and Returns.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="368] ">Deficiency Determinations.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="369] ">Enforcement and Collection.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="370] ">Lien and Priority.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="371] ">Termination of Business and Successor''&apos;s Liability.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Taxpayer''&apos;s Remedies.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="372] ">Claim and Action for Refund.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="373] ">Relief From Taxes, Penalties, and Interest.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="374] ">Recovery of Litigation Costs.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="375] ">No Injunction, Mandamus, or Equitable Relief.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="376] ">Reimbursement of Overcharged Customers.

<d2.o n="F. ">Liquor Taxes.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="377] ">Exclusive State Power.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="378] ">Rates, Exemptions, and Credits.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="379] ">Returns and Collections.

<d2.o n="G. ">Taxes on Vehicles and Transportation.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="380] ">Motor Vehicle Fuel License Tax.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="381] ">Use Fuel License Tax.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="382] ">Diesel Fuel Tax.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="383] ">Vehicle License Tax.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="384] ">Vehicle Smog Impact Fee.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="385] ">Private Railroad Car Tax.

<d2.o n="H. " sec="386] ">Unemployment Insurance Tax.

<d2.o n="I. " sec="387] ">Cigarette Tax.

<d2.o n="J. " sec="388] ">Timber Yield Tax.

<d2.o n="K. " sec="389] ">Hazardous Substances Tax.

<d2.o n="L. " sec="390] ">Other Taxes.

</outline>