12
Summary of California Law (10th), Real Property
I. IN GENERAL
<d2.o n="A. [§1] Restatement
and Texts.
<d2.o n="B. [§2] Uniform
Laws and Model Acts.
<d2.o n="C. [§3] Definitions.
<d2.o n="D. Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§4] In General.
<d3.o n="2. Conveyances.
<d4.o n="(a) [§5] Validity
and Effect.
<d4.o n="(b) [§6] Interpretation
and Construction.
<d3.o n="3. [§7] Transfer by
Operation of Law.
<d3.o n="4. [§8] Powers.
II. ESTATES
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§9] Nature of
Estates in Real Property.
<d3.o n="2. [§10] Classification
of Estates.
<d3.o n="3. [§11] Rule in
Shelley's Case
Abolished.
<d3.o n="4. [§12] Doctrine
of Worthier Title Abolished.
<d3.o n="5. Interpretation of Conveyances.
<d4.o n="(a) [§13] Contract
Rules Apply.
<d4.o n="(b) [§14] Interest
Passing.
<d4.o n="(c) [§15] Operative
Words of Conveyance.
<d2.o n="B. Freehold Estates.
<d3.o n="1. Estates of Inheritance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§16] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§17] Fee Simple
Absolute.
<d4.o n="(c) Fee Subject to Condition Subsequent.
<d5.o n="(1) [§18] Nature of
Estate.
<d5.o n="(2) [§19] Construction
To Avoid Forfeiture.
<d5.o n="(3) [§20] Breach,
Termination, and Waiver.
<d5.o n="(4) [§21] Rights of
Owner.
<d3.o n="2. Life Estates.
<d4.o n="(a) Creation of Life Estates.
<d5.o n="(1) [§22] By Deed.
<d5.o n="(2) [§23] By Will.
<d4.o n="(b) Rights and Powers of Life Tenant.
<d5.o n="(1) [§24] Possession,
Use, and Actions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§25] Crops.
<d5.o n="(3) [§26] Insurance
and Condemnation Award.
<d5.o n="(4) [§27] Compensation
for Permanent Improvements.
<d5.o n="(5) [§28] Conveyance
and Partition.
<d5.o n="(6) [§29] Power To
Consume Corpus.
<d4.o n="(c) Duties and Liabilities of Life Tenant.
<d5.o n="(1) [§30] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§31] Waste and
Permissible Use.
<d2.o n="C. Ownership by Several Persons.
<d3.o n="1. [§32] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Joint Tenancy.
<d4.o n="(a) Nature of Joint Tenancy.
<d5.o n="(1) [§33] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§34] Right of
Survivorship.
<d4.o n="(b) [§35] Creation
of Joint Tenancy.
<d4.o n="(c) Nature of Interest Held in Joint Tenancy.
<d5.o n="(1) [§36] Equitable
Interest.
<d5.o n="(2) [§37] Undivided
Interest.
<d5.o n="(3) [§38] Life
Estate in Joint Tenancy.
<d3.o n="3. Tenancy in Common.
<d4.o n="(a) [§39] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§40] Failure of
Joint Tenancy.
<d3.o n="4. Rights, Powers, and Obligations of Cotenants.
<d4.o n="(a) Possession and Use.
<d5.o n="(1) [§41] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) Establishing Ouster.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§42] Law
Revision Commission Recommendation.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§43] Statutory
Procedure.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§44] Conduct of
Cotenant in Possession.
<d4.o n="(b) [§45] Insurance.
<d4.o n="(c) [§46] Protection
Against Third Persons.
<d4.o n="(d) [§47] Contribution.
<d4.o n="(e) [§48] Compensation.
<d4.o n="(f) [§49] Accounting
for Rents and Profits.
<d4.o n="(g) Agreements and Transfers.
<d5.o n="(1) [§50] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§51] Lease.
<d5.o n="(3) [§52] Easement
or License.
<d5.o n="(4) [§53] Homestead.
<d3.o n="5. Termination of Cotenancy.
<d4.o n="(a) Severance by Joint Tenant.
<d5.o n="(1) [§54] Agreement
With Other Joint Tenant.
<d5.o n="(2) Conveyance to Third Person.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§55] Tenancy in
Common With Third Person.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§56] Joint
Tenancy With Other Tenants.
<d5.o n="(3) [§57] Rescission
of Decedent's
Conveyance.
<d5.o n="(4) [§58] Joint
Tenant's Conveyance to
Self.
<d5.o n="(5) [§59] Unilateral
Termination of Homesteaded Property.
<d5.o n="(6) Recorded Conveyance or Declaration.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§60] Nature and
Purpose of Statute.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§61] Methods of
Severance.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§62] Recordation.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§63] Severance
Under Statute Is Not Transfer of Property.
<d4.o n="(b) [§64] Death of
Joint Tenant.
<d4.o n="(c) Partition by Cotenants.
<d5.o n="(1) [§65] Nature of
Partition.
<d5.o n="(2) [§66] General
Provisions.
<d5.o n="(3) Commencement of Action.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§67] Parties.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§68] Complaint
and Lis Pendens.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§69] Summons.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§70] Answer.
<d5.o n="(4) Trial.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§71] Determination
of Interests.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§72] Determination
of Right To Partition.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§73] Waiver of
Right.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§74] Determination
of Manner of Partition.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§75] Interlocutory
Judgment.
<d5.o n="(5) Referees.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§76] Appointment.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§77] Authority
of Referee.
<d5.o n="(6) [§78] Division
of Property.
<d5.o n="(7) Sale of Property.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§79] Procedure.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§80] Consummation
of Sale.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§81] Disposition
of Proceeds.
<d5.o n="(8) [§82] Partition
by Appraisal.
<d5.o n="(9) [§83] Costs of
Partition.
<d5.o n="(10) [§84] Judgment.
<d3.o n="6. Common Interest Developments.
<d4.o n="(a) Nature and Regulation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§85] Common
Interest Development Act.
<d5.o n="(2) [§86] Other
Statutes.
<d5.o n="(3) [§87] Commentary
and Uniform Acts.
<d4.o n="(b) Definitions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§88] Common
Interest Development.
<d5.o n="(2) [§89] Condominium,
Condominium Plan, and Condominium Project.
<d5.o n="(3) [§90] Community
Apartment Project.
<d5.o n="(4) [§91] Stock
Cooperative.
<d5.o n="(5) [§92] Planned
Development.
<d5.o n="(6) [§93] Separate,
Common, and Exclusive Areas.
<d4.o n="(c) Governing Documents.
<d5.o n="(1) [§94] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§95] Declaration.
<d5.o n="(3) [§96] Operating
Rules.
<d4.o n="(d) Managing Association.
<d5.o n="(1) [§97] Creation
and Status.
<d5.o n="(2) [§98] Financial
Statements.
<d5.o n="(3) [§99] Insurance
Summary.
<d5.o n="(4) [§100] Managing
Agent.
<d5.o n="(5) [§101] Association
Meetings and Records.
(5a) [§101A] (New) Association Elections.
<d5.o n="(6) [§102] Common
Interest Development Manager.
<d5.o n="(7) Maintenance of Development.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§103] Association's Responsibility.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§104] Standard
of Review of Association's
Maintenance and Development Decisions.
<d5.o n="(8) Actions by and Against Association.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§105] Standing
To Sue.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§106] Property
Damage.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§107] Tort
Liability.
<d4.o n="(e) Assessments.
<d5.o n="(1) [§108] Authority.
<d5.o n="(2) [§109] Increases.
<d5.o n="(3) [§110] Penalties.
<d5.o n="(4) [§111] Delinquent
Assessments.
<d5.o n="(5) [§112] Liens.
(6) (New)
Collection of Debts for Assessments After January 1, 2006.
(aa) [§112A]
(New) Lower Value and
Shorter Delinquency.
(bb) [§112B] (New) Higher Value or Longer
Delinquency.
<d4.o n="(f) [§113] Partition.
<d4.o n="(g) Owners''
Compliance With Covenants and Restrictions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§114] Requirement
of Reasonableness.
<d5.o n="(2) Particular Restrictions.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§115] Pets.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§116] Age.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§117] Common
Areas.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§118] Improvements
and Modifications.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§119] Voting
Rights.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§120] Transfer
Rights.
<d6.o n="(gg) [§121] Other
Restrictions.
<d5.o n="(3) [§122] Parties
to Enforcement.
<d5.o n="(4) [§123] Statute
of Limitations.
<d5.o n="(5) [§124] Attorneys'' Fees.
<d5.o n="(6) [§125] Alternative
Dispute Resolution.
<d4.o n="(h) [§126] Liens for
Labor and Materials.
<d2.o n="D. Future Interests.
<d3.o n="1. [§127] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Reversionary Interests.
<d4.o n="(a) [§128] Reversion.
<d4.o n="(b) Power of Termination.
<d5.o n="(1) [§129] Terminology.
<d5.o n="(2) [§130] Enforcement
of Building Restrictions.
<d3.o n="3. Remainders.
<d4.o n="(a) [§131] Nature of
Remainder.
<d4.o n="(b) [§132] Executory
Interests.
<d4.o n="(c) Vested Remainders.
<d5.o n="(1) [§133] What
Constitutes Vested Remainder.
<d5.o n="(2) [§134] Remainder
Indefeasibly Vested.
<d5.o n="(3) [§135] Remainder
Vested Subject to Open.
<d5.o n="(4) [§136] Remainder
Vested Subject to Complete Defeasance.
<d4.o n="(d) Contingent Remainders.
<d5.o n="(1) [§137] Nature of
Contingent Interest.
<d5.o n="(2) [§138] Doctrine
of Destructibility Abolished.
<d5.o n="(3) [§139] Acceleration.
<d5.o n="(4) [§140] Condition
Precedent Though Remainderperson Ascertained.
<d5.o n="(5) [§141] Unascertained
Remainderperson.
<d4.o n="(e) [§142] Presumption
of Vested Remainder.
<d4.o n="(f) Rights of Remainderperson.
<d5.o n="(1) [§143] Against
Life Tenant.
<d5.o n="(2) [§144] Against
Third Parties.
<d3.o n="4. Powers of Appointment.
<d4.o n="(a) [§145] Nature of
Powers.
<d4.o n="(b) Powers of Appointment Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§146] Statutory
Development.
<d5.o n="(2) [§147] Definitions.
<d5.o n="(3) [§148] Common
Law Preserved.
<d4.o n="(c) Classification.
<d5.o n="(1) [§149] General
and Special Powers.
<d5.o n="(2) [§150] Testamentary
and Presently Exercisable Powers.
<d5.o n="(3) [§151] Imperative
and Discretionary Powers.
<d4.o n="(d) [§152] Creation
of Powers.
<d4.o n="(e) Exercise of Powers.
<d5.o n="(1) [§153] Donee's Capacity.
<d5.o n="(2) [§154] Donee's Authority.
<d5.o n="(3) Donee's
Intent.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§155] In
General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§156] Residuary
Clause or General Language.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§157] Will
Executed Before Power Is Created.
<d5.o n="(4) Types of Appointments.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§158] General
and Special Powers.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§159] Exclusive
and Nonexclusive Powers.
<d5.o n="(5) [§160] Revocability.
<d4.o n="(f) [§161] Contract
To Appoint.
<d4.o n="(g) Release of Power.
<d5.o n="(1) [§162] Authority
and Limitations.
<d5.o n="(2) [§163] Procedure.
<d4.o n="(h) Ineffective or No Appointment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§164] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§165] Failure
To Make Effective Appointment.
<d5.o n="(3) [§166] Death of
Appointee Before Appointment.
<d4.o n="(i) Rights of Creditors Under General Power.
<d5.o n="(1) [§167] Creditors
of Donee.
<d5.o n="(2) [§168] Creditors
of Donor.
<d3.o n="5. [§169] Transferability
of Future Interests.
<d3.o n="6. [§170] Principal
and Income Law.
<d2.o n="E. Perpetuities.
<d3.o n="1. [§171] Common
Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§172] Restatement.
<d3.o n="3. Development of California Law.
<d4.o n="(a) [§173] Constitution
and Early Statutes.
<d4.o n="(b) [§174] Reform
Proposals.
<d4.o n="(c) Adoption of Uniform Statutory Rule Against
Perpetuities.
<d5.o n="(1) [§175] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§176] Law
Revision Commission Recommendation.
<d5.o n="(3) [§177] Common
Law Superseded.
<d3.o n="4. Compliance With Statutory Rule Against
Perpetuities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§178] Validity
of Nonvested Interests.
<d4.o n="(b) [§179] Validity
of Powers of Appointment.
<d4.o n="(c) [§180] Relevant
and Validating Lives.
<d4.o n="(d) [§181] Disregarding
Possibility of Birth of Child.
<d3.o n="5. [§182] Construction
of "Later of" Language in Perpetuity Saving Clause.
<d3.o n="6. Time of Creation of Interest.
<d4.o n="(a) [§183] General Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§184] Postponement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§185] When
Interest Arises From Transfer to Trust or Other Arrangement.
<d3.o n="7. [§186] Reformation.
<d3.o n="8. Exclusions From Statutory Rule Against
Perpetuities.
<d4.o n="(a) [§187] Nondonative
Transfers.
<d4.o n="(b) [§188] Other
Exclusions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§189] Other
Limitations on Excluded Transactions.
<d2.o n="F. Validity of Conditions Restricting Property
Interests.
<d3.o n="1. Conditions and Covenants Restraining Alienation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§190] Rule
Against Restraints.
<d4.o n="(b) [§191] Restatement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§192] Types of
Invalid Restraints.
<d4.o n="(d) [§193] Partial
Restraints.
<d4.o n="(e) Exceptions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§194] Life
Estate or Estate for Years.
<d5.o n="(2) [§195] Preemptive
Provision or Repurchase Option.
<d5.o n="(3) [§196] Other
Reasonable Restraints.
<d3.o n="2. Restraints on Marriage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§197] Void
Condition Against Marriage.
<d4.o n="(b) [§198] Valid
Limitation Until Marriage.
<d3.o n="3. Restraints on Use.
<d4.o n="(a) [§199] Valid
Restraints Against Particular Uses.
<d4.o n="(b) Restraints Against Persons.
<d5.o n="(1) [§200] Judicial
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§201] California
Statute.
<d5.o n="(3) [§202] Expanded
Scope of Rule.
<d4.o n="(c) [§203] Restriction
Against For Sale Sign on Property.
III. TITLES
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§204] Origin of
California Land Titles.
<d3.o n="2. [§205] Methods
of Acquisition.
<d3.o n="3. [§206] Capacity
To Acquire and Transfer Land.
<d3.o n="4. [§207] Proof of
Title by Nonpossessor.
<d3.o n="5. [§208] Possession
as Evidence of Title.
<d3.o n="6. Governmental Ownership of Tidelands.
<d4.o n="(a) [§209] Federal
Rights.
<d4.o n="(b) [§210] State
Rights.
<d4.o n="(c) [§211] Grant of
Tidelands to Municipality.
<d2.o n="B. Adverse Possession.
<d3.o n="1. [§212] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Property Not Subject to Adverse Possession.
<d4.o n="(a) [§213] Public
Property.
<d4.o n="(b) [§214] Property
Dedicated to Public Use.
<d3.o n="3. Elements of Adverse Possession.
<d4.o n="(a) [§215] Actual,
Open, and Notorious Occupation.
<d4.o n="(b) Hostile or Adverse Claim.
<d5.o n="(1) [§216] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§217] Mortgagor
and Mortgagee.
<d5.o n="(3) [§218] Vendor
and Purchaser, Grantor and Grantee.
<d5.o n="(4) Cotenants.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§219] Possession
Is Normally Not Adverse.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§220] Claim
Under Invalid Deed.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§221] Ouster of
Other Tenant.
<d5.o n="(5) [§222] Life
Tenant and Remainderperson.
<d4.o n="(c) Color of Title or Claim of Right.
<d5.o n="(1) Color of Title.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§223] What
Constitutes Color of Title.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§224] Sufficiency
of Possession.
<d5.o n="(2) Claim of Right.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§225] What
Constitutes Claim of Right.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§226] Sufficiency
of Possession.
<d4.o n="(d) Continuous and Uninterrupted Possession for 5
Years.
<d5.o n="(1) [§227] Continuous
Possession.
<d5.o n="(2) [§228] Tacking.
<d5.o n="(3) [§229] Laches
Does Not Bar Claim of Adverse Possession.
<d4.o n="(e) Payment of Taxes.
<d5.o n="(1) [§230] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§231] Continuous
Payment for 5 Years.
<d3.o n="4. [§232] Constructive
Adverse Possession.
<d3.o n="5. Action by True Owner for Recovery.
<d4.o n="(a) [§233] Showing
of Seisin or Possession.
<d4.o n="(b) [§234] Commencement
of Limitations Period.
<d4.o n="(c) [§235] Disabilities.
<d2.o n="C. Accretion.
<d3.o n="1. [§236] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§237] Avulsion.
<d3.o n="3. [§238] State's Right.
<d2.o n="D. Dedication.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§239] Nature of
Dedication.
<d4.o n="(b) [§240] Distinctions.
<d3.o n="2. Form of Offer and Acceptance.
<d4.o n="(a) Common Law Dedication.
<d5.o n="(1) [§241] Offer.
<d5.o n="(2) [§242] Formal
Acceptance or Use.
<d5.o n="(3) [§243] Formal
Acceptance Required for Public Liability.
<d4.o n="(b) Dedication Under Subdivision Map Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§244] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§245] Nature of
Public Title.
<d5.o n="(3) [§246] Rejection
and Revocation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§247] Reversion
to Acreage.
<d4.o n="(c) [§248] Dedication
Under Other Statutes.
<d4.o n="(d) Adverse Use by Public.
<d5.o n="(1) [§249] Judicial
Rule of Implied Dedication.
<d5.o n="(2) [§250] Statutory
Limitations.
<d3.o n="3. Use Must Conform to Purpose.
<d4.o n="(a) Private Dedication to Public Entity.
<d5.o n="(1) [§251] Improper
Use.
<d5.o n="(2) [§252] Proper
Use.
<d4.o n="(b) [§253] Public
Entity's Dedication of
Its Own Property.
<d2.o n="E. Deeds.
<d3.o n="1. [§254] Requisites
of Deed.
<d3.o n="2. Principal Types of Deeds.
<d4.o n="(a) [§255] Quitclaim
Deed.
<d4.o n="(b) Grant Deed.
<d5.o n="(1) [§256] Nature of
Grant.
<d5.o n="(2) [§257] Implied
Covenants.
<d4.o n="(c) [§258] Warranty
Deed.
<d3.o n="3. Grantor.
<d4.o n="(a) [§259] Capacity.
<d4.o n="(b) [§260] Undue
Influence.
<d4.o n="(c) [§261] Mistake
or Fraud.
<d4.o n="(d) [§262] Consideration.
<d4.o n="(e) [§263] name.
<d4.o n="(f) [§264] Conveyance
in Different Name.
<d4.o n="(g) [§265] Adjudication
of Identity.
<d3.o n="4. Grantee.
<d4.o n="(a) [§266] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§267] Unincorporated
Association.
<d3.o n="5. Execution.
<d4.o n="(a) [§268] Writing
and Subscription.
<d4.o n="(b) [§269] Blank
Deed.
<d4.o n="(c) [§270] Forged
Deed.
<d3.o n="6. Description of Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§271] Methods
of Description.
<d4.o n="(b) [§272] Presumption
of Ownership to Center Line.
<d4.o n="(c) Land Bounded by Highway.
<d5.o n="(1) [§273] General
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§274] Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(d) Land Bordering on Waters.
<d5.o n="(1) [§275] General
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§276] Land
Subject to Public Trust.
<d4.o n="(e) [§277] Resolving
Uncertainties.
<d3.o n="7. Oral Agreement Settling Boundary.
<d4.o n="(a) Agreement and Acquiescence.
<d5.o n="(1) [§278] General
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§279] Implied
Agreement.
<d5.o n="(3) [§280] Where
Property Is Not Solely Owned.
<d4.o n="(b) Uncertainty and Mistake.
<d5.o n="(1) [§281] Uncertainty
Is Sufficient.
<d5.o n="(2) [§282] Where No
Uncertainty Existed.
<d3.o n="8. Acknowledgment.
<d4.o n="(a) [§283] Nature of
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) Formal Requisites.
<d5.o n="(1) [§284] Form of Acknowledgment.
<d5.o n="(2) [§285] Knowledge
of Officer.
<d5.o n="(3) [§286] Multiple
Acknowledgments.
<d5.o n="(4) [§287] Thumbprint
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(c) Officers Who May Acknowledge.
<d5.o n="(1) [§288] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§289] Appointment
and Authority of Notaries.
<d5.o n="(3) [§290] Liability
of Notary and Sureties.
<d3.o n="9. Delivery.
<d4.o n="(a) [§291] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Intention To Pass Title.
<d5.o n="(1) [§292] Manual
Tradition (Physical Delivery).
<d5.o n="(2) [§293] Circumstances
of Transaction.
<d5.o n="(3) [§294] Subsequent
Acts and Declarations of Grantor.
<d5.o n="(4) [§295] Presumptions
and Inferences.
<d5.o n="(5) [§296] Appellate
Review of Determination.
<d3.o n="10. . Conditional Delivery.
<d4.o n="(a) Attempted Conditional Delivery to Grantee.
<d5.o n="(1) [§297] No
Delivery.
<d5.o n="(2) [§298] Unconditional
Delivery.
<d4.o n="(b) Conditional Delivery to Third Person.
<d5.o n="(1) [§299] Death of
Grantor as Condition.
<d5.o n="(2) [§300] Survivorship
as Condition.
<d4.o n="(c) Escrow.
<d5.o n="(1) [§301] Nature of
Escrow.
<d5.o n="(2) [§302] Escrow
Agents.
<d5.o n="(3) Escrow Holder as Agent.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§303] Agent for
Parties.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§304] Limited
Agency.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§305] Liabilities.
<d5.o n="(4) [§306] Contract
Is Necessary for Irrevocable Deposit.
<d5.o n="(5) Performance and Discharge.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§307] Performance
by Grantee.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§308] Performance
by Grantor.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§309] Remedies
for Default.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§310] Liability
for Refusal To Effect Release of Funds.
<d5.o n="(6) Effect on Title and Incidents.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§311] Grantor's Title During Escrow.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§312] Relation
Back of Grantee's
Title.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§313] Unauthorized
Delivery to Grantee.
<d3.o n="11. Acceptance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§314] Requirement
of Acceptance.
<d4.o n="(b) [§315] Exceptions.
<d3.o n="12. Recordation.
<d4.o n="(a) Instruments That May Be Recorded.
<d5.o n="(1) [§316] Instruments
Affecting Title or Possession.
<d5.o n="(2) [§317] Documents
Requiring Prescribed Information.
<d5.o n="(3) [§318] Unusual
Instruments.
<d4.o n="(b) [§319] General
Requirements.
<d4.o n="(c) [§320] Fees.
<d4.o n="(d) [§321] Recording
Methods.
<d4.o n="(e) Copying and Indexing.
<d5.o n="(1) [§322] Statutory
Provisions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§323] Necessity
of Actual Copying.
<d5.o n="(3) [§324] Necessity
of Correct Indexing.
<d4.o n="(f) [§325] Effect of
Proper Recordation.
<d4.o n="(g) [§326] Recordation
Outside Chain of Title.
<d4.o n="(h) Effect of Failure To Record.
<d5.o n="(1) [§327] Rule of
Prior Recordation.
<d5.o n="(2) Bona Fide Purchaser.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§328] What
Constitutes Bona Fide Purchase.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§329] Bona Fide
Encumbrancer.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§330] Transferee
From Bona Fide Purchaser.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§331] Notice.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§332]
Knowledge of Lease.
<d5.o n="(3) [§333] Judgment
Creditor in Action Affecting Title.
<d3.o n="13. Estoppel by Deed.
<d4.o n="(a) [§334] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§335] Effect of
Recording Statute.
<d2.o n="F. Marketable Record Title.
<d3.o n="1. [§336] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="2. [§337] Enactment
of Marketable Record Title Statute.
<d3.o n="3. Interests Covered by Statute.
<d4.o n="(a) [§338] Ancient
Mortgages and Deeds of Trust.
<d4.o n="(b) [§339] Unexercised
Options.
<d4.o n="(c) Powers of Termination.
<d5.o n="(1) [§340] Definitions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§341] Expiration.
<d5.o n="(3) [§342] Exercise.
<d5.o n="(4) [§343] Operative
Date of Provisions.
<d4.o n="(d) [§344] Unperformed
Contracts for Sale of Real Property.
<d4.o n="(e) Dormant Mineral Rights.
<d5.o n="(1) [§345] Need for
Legislation.
<d5.o n="(2) [§346] Statutory
Provisions.
<d4.o n="(f) Abandoned Easements.
<d5.o n="(1) [§347] Need for
Legislation.
<d5.o n="(2) [§348] Statutory
Provisions.
<d3.o n="4. Preservation of Interest by Notice.
<d4.o n="(a) [§349] Recordation
of Notice.
<d4.o n="(b) [§350] Content
and Form of Notice.
<d4.o n="(c) [§351] Slander
of Title by Recording.
<d2.o n="G. Title Insurance.
<d3.o n="1. [§352] Nature
and Distinctions.
<d3.o n="2. [§353] Title
Companies.
<d3.o n="3. [§354] Construction
of Title Policy.
<d3.o n="4. [§355] Coverage
of Standard Policy.
<d3.o n="5. Excluded Risks of Standard Policy.
<d4.o n="(a) [§356] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§357] Risks
Unintentionally Created by Insured.
<d3.o n="6. [§358] Special
Indorsements and Extended Coverage.
<d3.o n="7. Liability for Breach.
<d4.o n="(a) What Constitutes Title Defect.
<d5.o n="(1) [§359] Illustrations.
<d5.o n="(2) [§360] Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§361] Measure
of Recovery.
<d4.o n="(c) Tort Liability for Negligence.
<d5.o n="(1) [§362] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§363] Distinction:
Preparation of Preliminary Title Report.
<d4.o n="(d) Conditions and Defenses.
<d5.o n="(1) [§364] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§365] Cooperation
and Duty To Defend.
<d5.o n="(3) [§366] Contributory
Fault.
<d5.o n="(4) [§367] Waiver of
Conditions.
<d4.o n="(e) [§368] Subrogation.
<d2.o n="H. [§369] Repeal of
Torrens (Title Registration) Law.
IV. RIGHTS INCIDENTAL TO POSSESSION
<d2.o n="A. Waste.
<d3.o n="1. [§370] Prohibition
and Remedies.
<d3.o n="2. [§371] What
Constitutes Waste.
<d3.o n="3. [§372] Trespass
Distinguished.
<d2.o n="B. Adjoining Landowners.
<d3.o n="1. [§373] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Encroachment of Tree.
<d4.o n="(a) [§374] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§375] Injunction
and Damages.
<d3.o n="3. [§376] Encroachment
of Building.
<d3.o n="4. [§377] Support
for Land.
<d3.o n="5. Support for Buildings.
<d4.o n="(a) [§378] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§379] Deep
Excavations.
<d4.o n="(c) [§380] Excavator's Protective Efforts.
<d3.o n="6. [§381] Subjacent
Support.
V. RIGHTS IN THE LAND OF ANOTHER
<d2.o n="A. Easements and Profits.
<d3.o n="1. Nature of Easement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§382] Definition
and Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§383] Appurtenant
and in Gross.
<d4.o n="(c) [§384] Typical
Easements.
<d4.o n="(d) [§385] Solar
Easement.
<d4.o n="(e) [§386] Conservation
Easement.
<d4.o n="(f) [§387] Profits.
<d3.o n="2. Creation of Easements.
<d4.o n="(a) Express Grant or Reservation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§388] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§389] Instruments
Construed To Create Easements.
<d5.o n="(3) [§390] Instruments
Construed as Grants of Fee.
<d5.o n="(4) [§391] Instrument
Construed as Invalid Exculpatory Agreement.
<d4.o n="(b) Implied Grant.
<d5.o n="(1) [§392] Kinds of
Transfers.
<d5.o n="(2) Conditions Governing Implication.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§393] Obvious
and Permanent Use.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§394] Reasonable
Necessity.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§395] Representations
Accompanying Sale.
<d5.o n="(3) [§396] No
Implied Easement of Light and Air.
<d4.o n="(c) [§397] Implied
Reservation.
<d4.o n="(d) Way of Necessity.
<d5.o n="(1) [§398] Right to
Easement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§399] Limitations
on Doctrine.
<d4.o n="(e) [§400] Condemnation
or Judgment for Damages.
<d4.o n="(f) Prescription.
<d5.o n="(1) [§401] Elements
of Prescriptive Right.
<d5.o n="(2) [§402] Issues
and Proof.
<d5.o n="(3) [§403] Hostile
or Adverse Use.
<d5.o n="(4) [§404] Permissive
Use.
<d5.o n="(5) [§405] No Duty
To Compensate Owner of Property.
<d4.o n="(g) [§406] Recorded
Covenant.
<d3.o n="3. Extent of Use.
<d4.o n="(a) Express Grant or Reservation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§407] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§408] Use
Fixing Limits.
<d5.o n="(3) [§409] Relocation.
<d5.o n="(4) Improvement of Right-of-Way.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§410] Repairs
and Improvements.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§411] Modernization
of Use.
<d5.o n="(5) Rights Retained by Servient Owner.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§412] Right To
Use Property.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§413] Grant of
Right to Others.
<d4.o n="(b) [§414] Implied
Grant.
<d4.o n="(c) Prescription.
<d5.o n="(1) [§415] General
Rule Limiting Extent to Actual Use.
<d5.o n="(2) [§416] Exception
for Permissible Changes.
<d5.o n="(3) [§417] Propriety
of Exclusive Prescriptive Easement.
<d3.o n="4. Duty To Maintain Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§418] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§419] Jointly
Owned Easement.
<d3.o n="5. [§420] Transferability
and Succession.
<d3.o n="6. Termination of Easement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§421] Release
or Merger.
<d4.o n="(b) Abandonment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§422] Private
Easement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§423] Public
Easement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§424] Nonuse.
<d4.o n="(d) [§425] Prescription.
<d4.o n="(e) [§426] Incompatible
Act of Easement's
Owner.
<d4.o n="(f) Destruction of Servient Tenement.
<d5.o n="(1) [§427] Involuntary
Destruction.
<d5.o n="(2) [§428] Voluntary
Destruction.
<d2.o n="B. Licenses.
<d3.o n="1. [§429] Revocable
Licenses.
<d3.o n="2. [§430] Irrevocable
Licenses.
<d2.o n="C. Covenants Running With the Land.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§431] Nature of
Covenant.
<d4.o n="(b) [§432] Personal
Covenant.
<d4.o n="(c) [§433] Running
Covenant.
<d3.o n="2. Essentials of Running Covenant.
<d4.o n="(a) [§434] Intention
That Covenant Run.
<d4.o n="(b) [§435] Relation
to Land.
<d4.o n="(c) [§436] Succession
to Interest of Original Party.
<d3.o n="3. Covenants in Grants and Between Owners in Fee.
<d4.o n="(a) [§437] Former
Privity Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) [§438] Abrogation
of Privity Requirement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§439] Present
Law.
<d2.o n="D. Equitable Servitudes.
<d3.o n="1. Nature and Effect.
<d4.o n="(a) [§440] California
Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§441] Restatement.
<d3.o n="2. Legality and Reasonableness of Restrictions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§442] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§443] Building
Restrictions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§444] No
Prohibition of Solar Energy Systems.
<d4.o n="(d) [§445] Affirmative
Burdens.
<d4.o n="(e) [§446] Approval
of Construction Plans.
<d3.o n="3. [§447] Construction
of Restrictions.
<d3.o n="4. Requisites for Enforcement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§448] Notice to
Grantee.
<d4.o n="(b) [§449] Express
Statement of Common Plan.
<d4.o n="(c) [§450] Designation
of Tract.
<d3.o n="5. Denial of Equitable Enforcement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§451] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§452] Plaintiff
Without Interest.
<d4.o n="(c) [§453] Omission,
Abrogation, or Disregard of Restrictions.
<d4.o n="(d) Changed Conditions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§454] Enforcement
Denied.
<d5.o n="(2) [§455] Insufficient
Change.
<d4.o n="(e) [§456] Change in
Law and Policy.
<d3.o n="6. [§457] Extent
and Kinds of Relief.
<d2.o n="E. Rights of Innocent Improver.
<d3.o n="1. [§458] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Recovery of Value.
<d4.o n="(a) [§459] Nature
and Scope of Statute.
<d4.o n="(b) [§460] Considerations
Determining Relief.
<d4.o n="(c) [§461] Equitable
Lien and Lis Pendens.
<d3.o n="3. [§462] Other
Relief.