10 Summary of California Law (10th), Parent and Child

 

<d1.o n="I. ">INTRODUCTION

<d2.o n="A. " sec="[§1] ">Scope and Placement of Subject Matter.

<d2.o n="B. " sec="[§2] ">The Family Code.

<d2.o n="C. ">Neglected and Abused Children.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§3] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§4] ">Public Welfare Services.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§5] ">Child Abuse Prevention.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§6] ">No Civil Rights Action Against State.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="[§7] ">Commentary.

<d2.o n="D. ">Foster Homes and Foster Parents.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§8] ">Nature of Foster Care Relationship.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§9] ">Rights and Responsibilities of Foster Parents.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§10] ">Rights of Foster Children.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§11] ">Programs for Foster Children.

<d2.o n="E. " sec="[§12] ">Parental or Marital Rights of Prisoners.

<d1.o n="II. ">PARENT AND CHILD RELATIONSHIP

<d2.o n="A. ">Legitimacy and Legitimation.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="13] ">Nature and Effect of Classification.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="14] ">Child of Artificial Insemination Is Legitimate.

<d3.o n="2. ">Estoppel.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="15] ">Stepfather as Father by Estoppel.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="16] ">Estoppel To Assert Paternity.

<d2.o n="B. ">Uniform Parentage Act.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="17] ">Development of Law.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="18] ">Parent and Child Relationship.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="19] ">General Provisions.

<d3.o n="2. ">Parental Relationship of Natural Mother.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="20] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Surrogate Mother.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="21] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="22] ">Where Intended Mother is Genetic Mother.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="23] ">Where Intended Mother Is Not Genetic Mother.

<d3.o n="3. ">Parental Relationship of Natural Father.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="24] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Conclusive Presumption: Child of Wife Cohabiting With Husband.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="25] ">Nature and Effect.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="26] ">Constitutional Challenges.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="27] ">Cohabitation Requirement.

<d5.o n="(4) ">Exceptions.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="28] ">Policy Exception.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="29] ">Impotence or Sterility.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="30] ">Blood Test Disproving Paternity.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Paternity by Voluntary Declaration.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="31] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="32] "> Declaration of Paternity at Birth.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="33] "> Effect of Declaration.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="34] "> Rescinding or Setting Aside Declaration.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Rebuttable Presumptions.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="35] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="36] ">Nonbiological Father as Presumed Father.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="37] ">Birth During Marriage.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="38] ">Subsequent Marriage.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="39] ">Reception into Home.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="40] ">Child in Utero.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="41] ">Blood Test Paternity Index of 100 or More.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="42] ">No Presumption in Cases of Rape.

<d3.o n="4. ">Parental Relationship of Father by Artificial Insemination.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="43] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="44] ">Semen Obtained Without Physician.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="45] ">Semen of Decedent.

<d3.o n="5. ">Action To Determine Father and Child Relationship.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="46] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Parties Plaintiff.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="47] ">Where Presumption of Paternity Applies.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="48] ">Where No Presumption Applies.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="49] ">Joinder and Alignment of Parties.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="50] ">Jurisdiction and Venue.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="51] ">Protective Orders.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="52] ">Confidentiality.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="53] ">Judgment.

<d4.o n="(h) " sec="54] ">Enforcement.

<d4.o n="(i) " sec="55] ">Appeal.

<d4.o n="(j) ">Motion To Set Aside or Vacate Judgment.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="56] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="57] ">Order for Genetic Testing.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="58] ">Grant or Denial.

<d4.o n="(k) " sec="59] ">Visitation Privileges.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="60] ">Action To Determine Mother and Child Relationship.

<d3.o sec="[§60A] ">(New) Parental Status of Lesbian Partner After Separation.

<d3.o n="7. ">Termination of Parental Rights in Adoption Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="61] ">Notice of Adoption Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="62] ">Inquiry to Identify Natural Father.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Procedure Where Father Is Not Presumed or Ascertained.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="63] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="64] ">Where Mother Does Not Consent to Adoption.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Procedure Where Father Is Identified.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="65] ">Former Law.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="66] ">Statutory Requirements.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="67] ">Thirty-Day Requirement.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="68] ">Constitutional Rights of Natural Father.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="69] ">Hearing and Order.

<d1.o n="III. ">ADOPTION

<d2.o n="A. ">In General.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="70] ">Types of Adoption.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="71] ">Special Statutory Proceeding.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="72] ">Statutory Framework.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="73] ">Judicial Council Forms.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="74] ">Commentary and Practice Works.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="75] ">Equitable Adoption.

<d2.o n="B. ">Adoption of Unmarried Minors.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="76] ">Nature and Effect of Adoption.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="77] ">Adoptive Parents.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="78] ">Child of Indian Ancestry.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="79] ">Adoption Information.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="80] ">Interstate Placement of Children for Adoption.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="81] ">Removal or Concealment of Child Pending Adoption.

<d3.o n="2. ">Welfare of Child and Court''&apos;s Discretion.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="82] ">Best Interest of Child.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="83] ">Preference for Adoption Over Guardianship.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="84] ">Age of Adoptive Parents.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="85] ">Recommendation of Department or Agency.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="86] ">Programs To Facilitate Adoption.

<d3.o n="3. ">Regulation of Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="87] ">Private Adoptions.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="88] ">County Adoption Agencies.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="89] ">Adoption Facilitators.

<d3.o n="4. ">Common Provisions in Adoption Proceedings.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="90] ">Effect of Guardianship Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="91] ">Jurisdiction, Venue, and Conflict of Laws.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="92] ">Accounting Report.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="93] ">Medical Report on Child and Birth Parents.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="94] ">Investigation of Prospective Adoptive Parents.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="95] ">Petition and Hearing.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="96] ">Agreement and Order.

<d4.o n="(h) " sec="97] ">Certificates of Birth and Adoption.

<d3.o n="5. ">Consent of Parties.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="98] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="99] ">Adoptive Parents.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Birth Parents.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="100] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="101] ">Unwed Father.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Exceptions: Consent Not Required.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="102] ">Failure To Support and Communicate.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="103] ">Other Exceptions.

<d3.o n="6. ">Postadoption Contact Agreement.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="104] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="105] ">Notice Is Not Required.

<d3.o n="7. ">Agency Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="106] ">Types of Agencies.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="107] ">Photo-Listing Service.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="108] ">Exchange System.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Relinquishment to Agency and Consent to Adoption.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="109] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="110] ">Finality and Effect of Relinquishment.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="111] ">Child of Deceased Parents.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Selection of Adoptive Placement.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="112] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="113] ">Consideration of Relatives and Foster Parents.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="114] ">Ethnic, Cultural, and Jurisdictional Considerations.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="115] ">Religious Considerations.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Custody and Temporary Placement.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="116] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="117] ">Termination of Placement.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Procedure.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="118] ">Petition.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="119] ">Investigation, Report, and Recommendation.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="120] ">Hearing and Order.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Adoption by Relative or Foster Parent.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="121] ">Adoption by Relative.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="122] ">Adoption by Relative Caregiver or Foster Parent.

<d3.o n="8. ">Independent Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="123] ">Nature of Independent Adoption.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="124] ">Adoption Service Providers.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="125] ">Advising and Counseling Birth Parents.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="126] ">Dual Representation of Adoptive and Birth Parents.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Placement of Child.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="127] ">Selection of Prospective Adoptive Parents.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="128] ">Adoption Placement Agreement.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Consent.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="129] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="130] ">Withdrawal Before Signing Statutory Consent.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="131] ">Withdrawal After Signing Statutory Consent.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Procedure.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="132] ">Petition.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="133] ">Notice and Interview.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="134] ">Investigation, Report, and Recommendation.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="135] ">Hearing and Order.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="136] ">Withdrawal, Denial, or Dismissal of Petition.

<d3.o n="9. ">Intercountry Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="137] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="138] ">Powers and Duties of Licensed Adoption Agencies.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="139] ">Investigation and Report.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="140] ">Petition, Hearing, and Order.

<d3.o n="10. . ">Stepparent Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="141] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="142] ">Consent of Birth Parents.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="143] ">Withdrawal of Consent.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="144] ">Procedure.

<d3.o n="11. ">Vacation of Adoption.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="145] ">Child Unadoptable.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="146] ">Death of Parent in Stepparent Adoption.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="147] ">Failure To Consider Best Interest of Child.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="148] ">Limitation of Actions.

<d3.o n="12. ">Disclosure of Information.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="149] ">Confidentiality of Records.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="150] ">Confidentiality of Information.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="151] ">Request for Disclosure.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="152] ">Contact Between Adoptees and Others.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="153] ">Deposit and Release of Personal Property.

<d2.o n="C. ">Adoption of Adults and Married Minors.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="154] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="155] ">Procedure for Adoption.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="156] ">Procedure for Terminating Adoption.

<d1.o n="IV. ">CUSTODY AND CONTROL

<d2.o n="A. ">Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§157] ">Prior Law.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§158] ">Enactment and Principal Changes.

<d3.o n="3. ">Nature and Scope.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§159] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§160] ">Scope of Child Custody Proceedings.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§161] ">Registration of Foreign Child Custody Determination.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§162] ">Locating Missing Child or Party.

<d3.o n="4. ">Jurisdiction of Child Custody Proceedings.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§163] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Jurisdiction To Make Initial Determination.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§164] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§165] ">Home State.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Significant Connection With State.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§166] ">Statutory Requirements.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§167] ">Illustrations.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§168] ">More Appropriate Forum.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§169] ">No Other Available Forum.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Temporary Emergency Jurisdiction.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§170] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§171] ">Illustrations.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§172] ">Modification Jurisdiction.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§173] ">Exclusive Continuing Jurisdiction.

<d3.o n="5. ">When Jurisdiction Should Be Declined.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§174] ">Simultaneous Proceeding in Another State.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Inconvenient Forum.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§175] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§176] ">Relevant Factors.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Unjustifiable Conduct.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§177] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§178] ">After Jurisdiction Is Declined.

<d3.o n="6. ">Procedure in Child Custody Proceedings.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§179] ">Joinder and Intervention.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§180] ">Intercourt Communications and Requests.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§181] ">Information in First Pleading.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§182] ">Order To Appear.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§183] ">Notice and Hearing.

<d3.o n="7. ">Enforcement of Child Custody Determination.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§184] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§185] ">Enforceable Orders and Determinations.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§186] ">Modification Proceeding Pending in Another State.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Procedure.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§187] ">Petition and Order To Appear.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§188] ">Order.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§189] ">Warrant To Take Physical Custody.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§190] ">Appeal.

<d3.o n="8. ">Related Statutes.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§191] ">Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§192] ">Other Federal Acts.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§193] ">California Criminal Statutes.

<d2.o n="B. ">Right to Custody.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§194] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§195] ">Statutory Framework.

<d3.o n="3. ">Factors Determining Award.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§196] ">Best Interests of Child.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§197] ">Discretion of Court.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Particular Factors.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§198] ">Domestic Violence.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§199] ">Substance Abuse.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§200] ">Commission of Crime.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§201] ">Religious or Social Beliefs.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§202] ">Racial or Ethnic Background.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§203] ">Homosexuality.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§204] ">Conduct Leading to Dissolution.

<d5.o n="(8) " sec="[§205] ">Absence From Family Residence.

<d5.o n="(9) " sec="[§206] ">Agreement Between Parents.

<d5.o n="(10) " sec="[§207] ">Surrogacy Agreement.

<d5.o n="(11) " sec="[§208] ">Child''&apos;s Preference.

<d5.o n="(12) " sec="[§209] ">Nomination of Guardian by Parent.

<d5.o n="(13) " sec="[§210] ">Other Factors.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Move-Away Cases.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§211] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§212] ">Separation of Siblings.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§213] ">Move to Foreign Country.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Award to Parent.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§214] ">Former Statutory Preferences.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§215] ">Current Statute: No Preference.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Award to Parent Over Nonparent.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§216] ">Former Judicial Rule.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§217" name=Statutory Order of Preference.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Award to Nonparent.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§218] ">Statutory Rule.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§219] ">Illustrations: Custody Cases.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§220] ">Illustrations: Guardianship Cases.

<d3.o n="4. ">Joint Custody.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§221] ">Judicial Development of Practice.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§222] ">Statutory Authorization.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§223] ">Procedure.

<d3.o n="5. ">Visitation.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Persons.

<d5.o n="(1) ">Rights of Parent.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§224] ">Nature of Right.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§225] ">Circumstances Warranting Denial.

<d5.o n="(2) ">Rights of Grandparents.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§226] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§227] ">Visitation Order Made After Judgment of Dissolution.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Rights of Relatives of Deceased Parent.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§228] ">Statutory Right.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§229] ">Constitutionality.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§230] ">Effect of Adoption.

<d5.o n="(4) ">Rights of Stepparent.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§231] ">Case Law Background.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§232] ">Statutory Authorization.

<d5.o n="(5) ">Rights of Other Persons.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§233] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§234] ">Biologically Unrelated Persons Not Opposed by Parent.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§235] ">Biologically Unrelated Persons Opposed by Parent.

<d6.o n="(dd) " sec="[§236] ">Former Lesbian Partner Opposed by Other Partner.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Limitations and Conditions.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§237] ">Constitutional Limitations.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§238] ">Valid Conditions.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Invalid Restrictions.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§239] ">Prohibiting Religious Activities.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§240] ">Restrictions on Gay or Lesbian Parent.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§241] ">Insulation From Parent''&apos;s Nonmarital Cohabitant.

<d6.o n="(dd) " sec="[§242] ">Other Restrictions.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§243] ">Standards for Supervised Visitation.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Violation of Right.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§244] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) ">Effect on Child Support Obligation.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§245] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb ) " sec="[§246] ">Custodial Parent Entitled To Obtain Child Support Despite Violation.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§247] ">Custodial Parent Estopped by Violation From Obtaining Child Support.

<d6.o n="(dd) " sec="[§248] ">Supreme Court Decisions Resolving Conflict.

<d3.o n="6. ">Modification of Award.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§249] ">Power To Modify.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§250] ">Discretion of Court.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§251] ">Changed Circumstances.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§252] ">Best Interests of Child.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§253] ">Move-Away Cases.

<d5.o n="(5a) " sec="[§253A] ">(New) Registration as Sex Offender.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§254] ">Modification of Legal Custody.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§255] ">Stipulation for Temporary Custody.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Improper Grounds.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§256] ">Punishment for Misconduct.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§257] ">Physical Handicap of Custodial Parent.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§258] ">Death of Noncustodial Parent.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§259] ">Remarriage to Person of Different Race.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§259A] ">(New) Military Deployment.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Modification Granted.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§260] ">Child''&apos;s Preference.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§261] ">Interference With Visitation Rights.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§262] ">Needs of Child.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§263] ">Superior Home of Petitioner.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§264] ">Modification Denied.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Procedure.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§265] ">Application and Decision.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§266] ">Appellate Review of Order.

<d3.o n="7. ">Procedure and Practice.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§267] ">Jurisdiction and Venue.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§268] ">Parties and Pleading.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§269] ">Locating Missing Party or Child.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§270] ">Risk of Abduction and Missing Person Check.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§271] ">Temporary Custody During Pendency of Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Counsel.

<d5.o n="(1) ">Counsel for Child.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§272] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§273] ">Rights and Duties.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§274] ">Counsel for Parent.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Court-Appointed Investigator.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§275] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§276] ">Report.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§277] ">Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Mediation of Custody or Visitation Issues.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§278] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§279] ">Availability of Mediation.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§280] ">Mediation Proceeding.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§281] ">Recommendations.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§282] ">Agreement.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§283] ">Sexual Abuse Allegation.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="[§284] ">Trial.

<d4.o n="(g) ">Orders and Enforcement.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§285] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§286] ">Where Domestic Violence Is Alleged and Protective Order Is Issued.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§287] ">Order To Participate in Counseling.

<d4.o n="(h) " sec="[§288] ">Appeal.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§288A] ">Definitions.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§288B] ">(New) Legislative Findings and Policies.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§288C] ">(New) Applicable Law.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§288D] ">(New) Determination of Tribal Membership.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§288E] ">(New) Notice of Proceedings.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="[§288F] ">(New) Participation by Unrecognized Tribe.

<d2.o n="C. ">Parental Authority.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§289] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Criminal Liability for Abuse or Neglect.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§290] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§291] ">Prayer Treatment for Child.

<d3.o n="3. ">Change of Child''&apos;s Surname.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§292] ">Common Law Rule Against Change.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§293] ">Abrogation of Common Law Rule.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§294] ">Action Under Uniform Parentage Act.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§295] ">Original Imposition of Hyphenated Surname.

<d3.o n="5. ">Right to Services, Earnings, and Property.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§296] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§297] ">Protection of Minor.

<d2.o n="D. ">Emancipation.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§298] ">Types of Emancipation.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§299] ">Emancipation of Minors Law.

<d3.o n="2. ">Rights and Powers of Emancipated Minor.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§300] ">Family Relationships.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§301] ">Contracts, Ownership, and Litigation.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§302] ">Estate Planning and Probate.

<d3.o n="3. ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§303] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§304] ">Notice of Hearing.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§305] ">Action.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§306] ">Voiding or Rescinding Declaration.

<d2.o n="E. ">Action To Free Child From Parental Control.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§307] ">Nature of Action.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§308] ">Dependency Proceeding Distinguished.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§309] ">Effect of Adoption Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§310] ">Effect of Indian Child Custody Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§311] ">Other Proceedings Stayed.

<d3.o n="2. ">Grounds.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Child Abandoned.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§312] ">Statutory Ground.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§313] ">Sufficient Showing.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§314] ">Insufficient Showing.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§315] ">Distinction: Minor Detained by Agency.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Dependent Child Cruelly Treated or Neglected.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§316] ">Statutory Ground.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§317] ">Sufficient Showing.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§318] ">Insufficient Showing.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§319] ">Dependent Child of Immoral or Substance-Abusing Parent.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Parent Convicted of Felony.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§320] ">Statutory Ground.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§321] ">Sufficient Showing.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§322] ">Insufficient Showing.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Parent Mentally Disabled.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§323] ">Parents Previously Adjudged Disabled.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§324] ">Parents Found Disabled or Ill.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Child in Foster Home.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§325] ">Statutory Ground.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§326] ">Evidence of Parent''&apos;s Past Behavior.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§327] ">Attachment to Foster Parent.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§328] ">Sufficient Showing.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="[§329] ">Dependent Child Without Reunification Services.

<d3.o n="3. ">Procedure.

<d4.o n="(a) ">In General.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§330] ">Who May Bring Action.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§331] ">Venue, Petition, and Investigation.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§332] ">Citation.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§333] ">Inspection of Records.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§334] ">Offer of Less Detrimental Alternatives.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Counsel.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§335] ">Constitutional Problem.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§336] ">Statutory Rights.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§337] ">Role of Child''&apos;s Counsel.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§338] ">Separate Counsel for Child.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§339] ">Effective Assistance of Counsel.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§340] ">Waiver of Counsel.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§341] ">Self-Representation.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Trial.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§342] ">Speedy Trial.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§343] ">Conduct of Hearing.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§344] ">Testimony.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§345] ">Clear and Convincing Evidence Is Required.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Findings.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§346] ">Detriment.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§347] ">Least Detrimental Alternative.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§348] ">Family Reunification.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Order and Judgment.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§349] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§350] ">Vacating Order for Fraud.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Appeal.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§351] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§352] ">Free Transcript.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Counsel on Appeal.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§353] ">Case Law.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§354] ">Statutory Right.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§355] ">Review on Appeal.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§356] ">Change in Circumstances Pending Appeal.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§357] ">Effect of Late Appeal.

<d2.o n="F. ">Multiple Custody Proceedings.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§358] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§359] ">Dissolution Proceedings.

<d3.o n="3. ">Habeas Corpus Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§360] ">Nature of Remedy.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§361] ">Issuance by Appellate Court.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§362] ">Effect of Prior Determination of Award.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§363] ">Applicability of Family Code Custody Provisions.

<d3.o n="5. ">Effect of Prior Proceeding on Subsequent Proceeding.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§364] ">Jurisdictional Problems.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§365] ">Jurisdiction of Guardianship Court.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§366] ">Jurisdiction of Dissolution Court.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Jurisdiction of Juvenile Court.

<d5.o n="(1) ">Superseding Jurisdiction.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§367] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§368] ">Where Issues Are Identical.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§369] ">Dependency Proceeding Pending.

<d5.o n="(3) ">Termination of Dependency Proceeding.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§370] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§371] ">Modification of Order.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§372] ">Order Splitting Custody.

<d6.o n="(dd) " sec="[§373] ">Order Requiring Therapy.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§374] ">Appellate Court Proceeding.

<d1.o n="V. ">SUPPORT

<d2.o n="A. ">In General.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§375] ">Governing Law.

<d3.o n="2. ">Liability of Child to Indigent Parent.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§376] ">Civil and Criminal Liability.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§377] ">Limitations on Parent''&apos;s Right.

<d2.o n="B. ">Bases of Liability.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§378] ">Former Law.

<d3.o n="2. ">Statutory Duty of Support.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§379] ">Children to Whom Duty Is Owed.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§380] ">Duty To Support Minor Child.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§381] ">Liability to Others Who Support Child.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§382] ">Compensation for Custodial Parent''&apos;s Breach.

<d3.o n="3. ">Court-Ordered Child Support.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§383] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§384] ">Information Required.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§385] ">Support During Action.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Expedited Order for Support During Action.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§386] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§387] ">Application and Order or Response.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§388] ">Hearing and Order After Hearing.

<d3.o n="4. " sec="[§389] ">Agreement Between Spouses.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="[§390] ">Liability of Stepparent.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="[§390A] ">(New) Liability of Person Assisting Evasion.

<d2.o n="C. ">Extent of Liability.

<d3.o n="1. ">In General.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§391] ">Former Law.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§392] ">Discretion of Lower Court.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§393] ">Crediting Federal Retirement or Disability Payments.

<d3.o n="2. ">Statewide Uniform Child Support Guideline.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§394] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§395] ">Guiding Principles.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Determining Guideline Award.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§396] ">Basic Formula.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§397] ">Annual Gross Income.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§398] ">Earning Capacity From Employment.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§399] ">Earning Capacity of Assets.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§400] ">Annual Net Disposable Income.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§401] ">Income of Subsequent Spouse or Nonmarital Partner.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§402] ">Family Support.

<d5.o n="(8) " sec="[§403] ">Judicial Council Worksheets and Forms.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Adjustments to Guideline Award.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§404] ">Hardship Deduction.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§405] ">Adjustment for More Than One Child.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§406] ">Other Adjustments.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§407] ">Statement Supporting Deviation From Guideline.

<d4.o n="(e) ">Additional Support.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§408] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§409] ">Allocation of Additional Support.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§410] ">Uninsured Health Care Costs.

<d4.o n="(f) ">Rebuttable Presumption of Correct Award.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§411] ">Factors Rebutting Presumption.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec.s n="412 (261, 280D)">Extraordinarily High Earner.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§413] ">Special Circumstances.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="[§414] ">Stipulated Support Agreements.

<d3.o n="3. ">Health Insurance.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§415] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Health Insurance Coverage Assignment.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§416] ">Application and Order.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§417] ">Provision and Termination of Coverage.

<d2.o n="D. ">Duration of Liability.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§418] ">Liability of Parent''&apos;s Estate or Trust.

<d3.o n="2. ">Support After Majority or Emancipation.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§419] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§420] ">Emancipation.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§421] ">Agreement To Support Adult Child.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§422] ">Support of High School Student.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§423] ">Support of Indigent Adult Child.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§424] ">Termination on Contingency or Other Event.

<d2.o n="E. ">Enforcement of Duty.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§425] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Action for Support.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§426] ">Action by Child or Parent.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§427] ">Collection of Information About Support Obligations.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§428] ">Recovery of Arrearages.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§429] ">Child Support Security Deposit.

<d3.o n="4. ">Deposit of Assets.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§430] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§431] ">Order For Deposit.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§432] ">Assets Subject to Order.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§433] ">Defenses.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§434] ">Ex Parte Restraining Order.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="[§435] ">Use or Sale of Assets.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="[§436] ">Civil Penalty for Child Support Delinquency.

<d3.o n="6. " sec="[§437] ">Contempt Proceedings.

<d3.o n="7. " sec="[§438] ">Criminal Prosecution.

<d3.o n="8. " sec="[§438A] ">(New) Private Child Support Collectors.

<d2.o n="F. " sec="[§439] ">Modification or Termination of Support Order.

<d1.o n="VI. ">JUVENILE COURT LAW: IN GENERAL

<d2.o n="A. ">Development.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§440] ">Original Statute and Revision.

<d3.o n="2. " sec="[§441] ">Advisory Committees and Commissions.

<d3.o n="3. " sec="[§442] ">General Purposes.

<d3.o n="4. ">Judicial Council Rules.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§443] ">Nature and Purpose.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§444] ">Scope and Organization.

<d3.o n="5. " sec="[§445] ">Judicial Council Forms.

<d2.o n="B. ">Juvenile Court.

<d3.o n="1. ">Nature of Court.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§446] ">In General.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§447] ">Department and Staff.

<d4.o n="(c) " sec="[§448] ">Law Review Commentary.

<d3.o n="2. ">Jurisdiction of Court.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§449] ">Nature and Scope of Jurisdiction: Three Classes of Minors.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§450] ">Dual Bases of Jurisdiction.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Jurisdiction Over Minors.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§451] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§452] ">Jurisdiction Retained After Majority.

<d4.o n="(d) " sec="[§453] ">Jurisdiction Over Adults.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§454] ">Jurisdiction Improperly Invoked.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="[§455] ">Concurrent and Exclusive Jurisdiction.

<d3.o n="3. ">Venue.

<d4.o n="(a) " sec="[§456] ">Proper Court.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Intercounty Transfers.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§457] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§458] ">Conditions for Transfer.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§459] ">Residence of Child.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§460] ">Appeal From Determination of Residence.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§461] ">Transfer-Out Hearing and Order.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§462] ">Appeal From Transfer Order.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§463] ">Transfer-In Hearing.

<d5.o n="(8) " sec="[§464] ">Continuing Jurisdiction Outside County.

<d3.o n="4. ">Officers, Commissions, and Agencies.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Referees.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§465] ">Qualifications and Appointment.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§466] ">Referee as Temporary Judge.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§467] ">Power To Hear Cases.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§468] ">Conduct of Proceedings.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§469] ">Findings, Explanation, and Order.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§470] ">When Orders Become Effective.

<d5.o n="(7) ">Rehearing.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§471] ">Nature of Proceeding.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§472] ">Application.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§473] ">Denial.

<d6.o n="(dd) " sec="[§474] ">Grant.

<d6.o n="(ee) " sec="[§475] ">Rehearing on Court''&apos;s Own Motion.

<d5.o n="(8) " sec="[§476] ">Appeal.

<d4.o n="(b) " sec="[§477] ">Court Commissioners.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Juvenile Hearing Officers.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§478] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§479] ">Jurisdiction.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§480] ">Hearings and Orders.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§481] ">Authorized Disposition.

<d4.o n="(d) ">Probation Officers.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§482] ">Appointment and Staff.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§483] ">Juvenile Court Proceedings.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§484] ">Receipt, Deposit, and Disbursements of Money.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§485] ">Reports.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§486] ">Juvenile Facilities.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§487] ">Other Powers and Duties.

<d4.o n="(e) " sec="[§488] ">Social Workers.

<d4.o n="(f) " sec="[§489] ">Juvenile Justice Commissions.

<d4.o n="(g) " sec="[§490] ">Psychiatric and Other Clinical Experts.

<d4.o n="(h) " sec="[§491] ">Other Agencies.

<d3.o n="5. ">Court Records.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Confidentiality and Disclosure.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§492] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§493] ">Persons Entitled To Inspect Records.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§494] ">Records of Dependent Children.

<d5.o n="(4) " sec="[§495] ">Juvenile Police Records.

<d5.o n="(5) " sec="[§496] ">Records of Students.

<d5.o n="(6) " sec="[§497] ">Authorized Disclosure to Law Enforcement Agencies.

<d5.o n="(7) " sec="[§498] ">Authorized Disclosure About Specified Crimes.

<d5.o n="(8) " sec="[§499] ">Disclosure to Press.

<d5.o n="(9) " sec="[§500] ">Disclosure on Petition.

<d4.o n="(b) ">Sealing of Records.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§501] ">Nature and Use of Records.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§502] ">Temporary Detention Records.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§503] ">Petition and Order.

<d5.o n="(4) ">Determination of Factual Innocence.

<d6.o n="(aa) " sec="[§504] ">In General.

<d6.o n="(bb) " sec="[§505] ">No Accusatory Pleading Filed.

<d6.o n="(cc) " sec="[§506] ">Accusatory Pleading or Petition Not Sustained.

<d4.o n="(c) ">Destruction of Records.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§507] ">Sealed Records.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§508] ">Unsealed Records.

<d5.o n="(3) " sec="[§509] ">No Third-Party Action for Redaction.

<d2.o n="C. ">Support Obligations.

<d3.o n="1. " sec="[§510] ">In General.

<d3.o n="2. ">Reimbursement by Minor or Relatives.

<d4.o n="(a) ">Minor in Institution Under Court Order.

<d5.o n="(1) " sec="[§511] ">In General.

<d5.o n="(2) " sec="[§512] ">Illustrations.