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Summary of California Law (10th), Negotiable Instruments
I. DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNING LAW
<d2.o n="A. [§1] Before the
Uniform Commercial Code.
<d2.o n="B. [§2] Adoption of
Uniform Commercial Code.
<d2.o n="C. 1990 Revision of Divisions 3 and 4.
<d3.o n="1. [§3] Division 3.
<d3.o n="2. [§4] Division 4.
<d3.o n="3. [§5] Purpose and
Benefits of Revision.
<d2.o n="D. Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§6] Restatement
2d.
<d3.o n="2. [§7] Commercial
Code.
II. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
<d2.o n="A. [§8] Scope of
Division 3.
<d2.o n="B. Definitions and Construction of Terms.
<d3.o n="1. [§9] In General.
<d3.o n="2. Negotiable Instrument.
<d4.o n="(a) [§10] General
Definition.
<d4.o n="(b) [§11] Types of
Instruments.
<d4.o n="(c) [§12] Unconditional
Promise or Order.
<d4.o n="(d) [§13] Payable on
Demand or at Definite Time.
<d4.o n="(e) [§14] Payable to
Bearer or to Order.
<d4.o n="(f) [§15] Interest.
<d4.o n="(g) [§16] Contradictory,
Incomplete, and Supplemented Instruments.
<d3.o n="3. [§17] Payee.
<d2.o n="C. Reasons To Use Negotiable Instrument.
<d3.o n="1. [§18] To Pay Obligation.
<d3.o n="2. [§19] To Resolve
Dispute.
<d2.o n="D. Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement.
<d3.o n="1. [§20] Negotiation.
<d3.o n="2. [§21] Transfer.
<d3.o n="3. Indorsement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§22] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§23] Special,
Blank, or Anomalous Indorsement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§24] Indorsements
Using Limiting or Restrictive Language.
<d3.o n="4. [§25] Reacquisition.
<d2.o n="E. Enforcement of Instruments.
<d3.o n="1. [§26] Person
Entitled To Enforce.
<d3.o n="2. Holder in Due Course Doctrine.
<d4.o n="(a) [§27] Obtaining
Holder in Due Course Status.
<d4.o n="(b) [§28] Notice.
<d4.o n="(c) [§29] Value.
<d4.o n="(d) [§30] Overdue
Instrument.
<d3.o n="3. Defenses and Claims of or Against Parties.
<d4.o n="(a) [§31] Any
Person, Including Holder in Due Course.
<d4.o n="(b) [§32] Persons
Other Than Holder in Due Course.
<d4.o n="(c) [§33] Persons
Other Than Obligor.
<d4.o n="(d) [§34] Accommodation
Party.
<d3.o n="4. Lost, Destroyed, or Stolen Instrument.
<d4.o n="(a) [§35] Enforcing
Instrument.
<d4.o n="(b) [§36] Asserting
Claim for Cashier's,
Teller's, or Certified
Check.
<d3.o n="5. Enforcement Actions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§37] Statute of
Limitations.
<d4.o n="(b) [§38] Notice of
Right To Defend Action.
<d2.o n="F. Liability of Parties.
<d3.o n="1. Significance of Signature.
<d4.o n="(a) [§39] Authorized
Signature.
<d4.o n="(b) [§40] Unauthorized
Signature.
<d4.o n="(c) [§41] Presumption
of Authenticity and Authority.
<d3.o n="2. Obligations of Particular Parties.
<d4.o n="(a) Drawee/Acceptor.
<d5.o n="(1) [§42] Significance
of Acceptance.
<d5.o n="(2) [§43] Acceptor's Obligation.
<d5.o n="(3) [§44] Acceptance
Varying Draft.
<d4.o n="(b) [§45] Issuer of
Note or Cashier's
Check.
<d4.o n="(c) Drawer.
<d5.o n="(1) [§46] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§47] Additional
Liability to Payee or Payee's
Assignee.
<d4.o n="(d) [§48] Indorser.
<d4.o n="(e) Warrantors.
<d5.o n="(1) [§49] Transferor.
<d5.o n="(2) [§50] Presentor.
<d4.o n="(f) [§51] Accommodation
Party.
<d3.o n="3. [§52] Joint and
Several Liability.
<d3.o n="4. Effect of Fraud, Alteration, and Mistake.
<d4.o n="(a) [§53] Imposters
and Fictitious Payees.
<d4.o n="(b) [§54] Employer's Liability Following
Employee's Fraudulent
Indorsement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§55] Liability
for Altered Instrument.
<d4.o n="(d) [§56] Preclusion
From Asserting Alteration or Forgery.
<d4.o n="(e) [§57] Mistaken
Payment or Acceptance.
<d3.o n="5. [§58] Conversion.
<d2.o n="G. Presentment and Dishonor.
<d3.o n="1. [§59] Presentment.
<d3.o n="2. What Constitutes Dishonor.
<d4.o n="(a) [§60] Note.
<d4.o n="(b) [§61] Accepted
Draft.
<d4.o n="(c) [§62] Unaccepted
Draft.
<d3.o n="3. [§63] Notice of
Dishonor.
<d3.o n="4. [§64] Evidence
of Dishonor.
<d2.o n="H. Discharge of Obligation on Instrument.
<d3.o n="1. [§65] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§66] Payment.
<d3.o n="3. [§67] Tender of
Payment.
<d3.o n="4. [§68] Cancellation
or Renunciation.
<d3.o n="5. Discharge of Indorsers and Accommodation
Parties.
<d4.o n="(a) [§69] Applicable
Suretyship Defenses.
<d4.o n="(b) [§70] Extension
of Due Date.
<d4.o n="(c) [§71] Material
Modification.
<d4.o n="(d) [§72] Impairment
of Collateral.
III. BANKING
<d2.o n="A. Banks and Banking Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§73] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§74] Contractual
Relationship Between Bank and Customer.
<d2.o n="B. Types of Deposit.
<d3.o n="1. [§75] General,
Special, and Specific.
<d3.o n="2. [§76] Deposit in
Trust.
<d3.o n="3. Multiple-Party Accounts Law.
<d4.o n="(a) [§77] Nature and
Purpose of Statutes.
<d4.o n="(b) [§78] Definitions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§79] Ownership
of Account.
<d4.o n="(d) [§80] Protection
of Financial Institutions.
<d2.o n="C. Banker's
Lien and Setoff.
<d3.o n="1. [§81] Lien on
Securities.
<d3.o n="2. Setoff Against Funds on Deposit.
<d4.o n="(a) Right Against Depositor.
<d5.o n="(1) [§82] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§83] Validity
of Setoff.
<d5.o n="(3) [§84] Statutory
Limitations on Exercise of Setoff.
<d4.o n="(b) [§85] Right
Against Depositor's
Creditor.
<d2.o n="D. Collections Under Division 4 of the Uniform
Commercial Code.
<d3.o n="1. Scope of Division 4.
<d4.o n="(a) [§86] Applicability.
<d4.o n="(b) [§87] Varying
the Provisions of Division 4.
<d4.o n="(c) [§88] Enforcing
the Provisions of Division 4.
<d3.o n="2. Definitions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§89] General
Definitions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§90] Classification
of Banks.
<d4.o n="(c) [§91] Items
"Payable Through" or "Payable At."
<d4.o n="(d) [§92] Branch
Offices.
<d4.o n="(e) [§93] Electronic
Presentment.
<d4.o n="(f) [§94] Cutoff
Hours.
<d3.o n="3. Collection of Items by Depositary and Collecting
Banks.
<d4.o n="(a) Status of Banks.
<d5.o n="(1) [§95] Collecting
Bank.
<d5.o n="(2) [§96] Depositary
Bank.
<d4.o n="(b) Duties of Collecting Banks.
<d5.o n="(1) Collection and Return.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§97] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§98] Liability
for Acts of Others.
<d5.o n="(2) Sending and Presenting.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§99] In
General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§100] Presentment
of Item Not Payable by, Through, or at Bank.
<d5.o n="(3) [§101] Liability
of Collecting Bank to Drawer.
<d4.o n="(c) Warranties.
<d5.o n="(1) [§102] Depositary
Bank.
<d5.o n="(2) [§103] Transfer.
<d5.o n="(3) [§104] Presentment.
<d5.o n="(4) [§105] Encoding
and Retention.
<d4.o n="(d) [§106] Collecting
Bank's Security
Interest.
<d4.o n="(e) Settlement and Payment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§107] Medium
and Time of Settlement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§108] Provisional
and Final Payments.
<d5.o n="(3) [§109] Availability
of Funds for Withdrawal by Customer.
<d5.o n="(4) [§110] Failure
To Receive Final Settlement.
<d5.o n="(5) [§111] Effect of
Insolvency.
<d4.o n="(f) Collection of Documentary Drafts.
<d5.o n="(1) [§112] Handling
of Documentary Drafts.
<d5.o n="(2) [§113] Presentment
of ""On
Arrival""
Drafts.
<d5.o n="(3) [§114] Presenting
Bank's Responsibility
for Documents and Goods.
<d3.o n="4. Collection of Items by Payor Banks.
<d4.o n="(a) [§115] Return of
Items and Recovery of Payment.
<d4.o n="(b) Responsibility for Late Return of Item.
<d5.o n="(1) [§116] General
Rule of Accountability.
<d5.o n="(2) [§117] Illustrations.
<d4.o n="(c) [§118] Items
Subject to Notice, Stop-Payment Order, Process, or Setoff.
<d3.o n="5. Relationship Between Payor Bank and Its
Customers.
<d4.o n="(a) Bank's
Right To Charge Customer's
Account.
<d5.o n="(1) [§119] Where
Charge Creates Overdraft.
<d5.o n="(2) [§120] Where
Check Is Postdated.
<d5.o n="(3) [§121] Where
Item Is Altered or Incomplete.
<d5.o n="(4) [§122] Contrary
to Stop-Payment Order.
<d5.o n="(5) [§123] For Check
More Than Six Months Old.
<d5.o n="(6) [§124] Following
Death or Incompetence of Customer.
<d5.o n="(7) [§125] Bank's Right to Subrogation on
Improper Payment.
<d4.o n="(b) [§126] Bank's Liability for Wrongful
Dishonor.
<d4.o n="(c) Communication Between Bank and Customer.
<d5.o n="(1) [§127] Statement
of Account.
<d5.o n="(2) Reporting Unauthorized Signature or Alteration.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§128] Customer's Duty To Report.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§129] Effect of
Bank's Failure To
Exercise Ordinary Care.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§130] Preclusion
Period and Statute of Limitations.
<d3.o n="6. [§131] Liability
of Payor Bank to Noncustomer.
<d2.o n="E. Funds Transfers Under Division 11.
<d3.o n="1. [§132] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§133] Definitions.
<d3.o n="3. [§134] Procedure.
<d3.o n="4. [§135] Miscellaneous
Provisions.
IV. LETTERS OF CREDIT
<d2.o n="A. [§136] Enactment
of Division 5.
<d2.o n="B. [§137] Definitions.
<d2.o n="C. Operation and Effect.
<d3.o n="1. [§138] Typical
Transaction.
<d3.o n="2. [§139] Contents
of Letter of Credit.
<d3.o n="3. [§140] Transmission
and Receipt.
<d3.o n="4. Honor or Dishonor.
<d4.o n="(a) [§141] Statutory
Requirements.
<d4.o n="(b) [§142] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="5. [§143] Security
Interest.
V. CREDIT CARDS
<d2.o n="A. [§144] In
General.
<d2.o n="B. [§145] Definitions.
<d2.o n="C. Prohibited and Required Acts.
<d3.o n="1. [§146] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§147] Cash
Discounts and Credit Card Surcharges.
<d3.o n="3. [§148] Statements.
<d3.o n="4. [§149] Cancellation.
<d3.o n="5. [§150] Personal
Identification Information.
<d3.o n="6. [§151] Condition
of Accepting Negotiable Instrument.
<d3.o n="7. [§152] Contents
of Receipt.
<d2.o n="D. [§153] Billing
Errors and Cardholder Inquiries.
<d2.o n="E. [§154] Liability
for Unauthorized Use.
<d2.o n="F. [§155] Processing
of Credit Card Charge Without Furnishing Goods or Services.
<d2.o n="G. [§156] Cardholder's Defenses.
<d2.o n="H. Disclosures in Advertising and Solicitation.
<d3.o n="1. [§157] Nature
and Purpose of Legislation.
<d3.o n="2. Credit Card Disclosures.
<d4.o n="(a) [§158] Scope of
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) [§159] Matters
To Be Disclosed.
<d4.o n="(c) [§160] Methods
of Compliance.
<d3.o n="3. Charge Card Disclosures.
<d4.o n="(a) [§161] Scope of
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) [§162] Matters
To Be Disclosed.
<d4.o n="(c) [§163] Methods
of Compliance.
<d3.o n="4. Retail Installment Account Disclosures.
<d4.o n="(a) [§164] Scope of
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) [§165] Matters
To Be Disclosed.
<d4.o n="(c) [§166] Methods
of Compliance.
I. [§167]
Consumer Credit and
Charge Card Fees.