2
Summary of California Law (10th), Insurance
I. INTRODUCTION
<d2.o n="A. Generally.
<d3.o n="1. [§1] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§2] Commentary
and Practice Works.
<d3.o n="3. [§3] Classes of
Insurance.
<d3.o n="4. [§4] Insurer''s Rights of Subrogation,
Contribution, and Indemnity.
<d2.o n="B. Regulation of Insurance.
<d3.o n="1. [§5] Power To
Regulate.
<d3.o n="2. [§6] Governing
Law.
<d3.o n="3. [§7] Department
of Insurance and Insurance Commissioner.
<d3.o n="4. [§8] Policies
Governed by Insurance Code.
<d3.o n="5. Rate Control.
<d4.o n="(a) [§9] Proposition
103.
<d4.o n="(b) [§10] Ratemaking
Process.
<d3.o n="6. Insolvent Insurers.
<d4.o n="(a) [§11] Conservatorship
and Liquidation.
<d4.o n="(b) Insurance Guarantee Associations.
<d5.o n="(1) [§12] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§13] Liability
for Subrogation Claims.
<d3.o n="7. Automobile Liability Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§14] Financial
Responsibility Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§15] Assigned
Risk Law.
<d4.o n="(c) [§16] Low-Cost
Insurance.
<d2.o n="C. Insurance Agents and Brokers.
<d3.o n="1. [§17] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§18] Licensing
and Regulation.
<d3.o n="3. [§19] Compensation
and Other Rights.
<d3.o n="4. [§20] Duties and
Liabilities.
<d2.o n="D. Liability for Failure To Insure.
<d3.o n="1. [§21] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§22] Failure of
Insurer To Act on Application.
<d3.o n="3. [§23] Third
Party Engaging To Procure Insurance.
<d3.o n="4. [§24] Transferor
of Insured Property.
<d2.o n="E. Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§25] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§26] Life
Insurance.
<d3.o n="3. [§27] Fire,
Surety, and Casualty Insurance.
II. FORMATION AND EFFECT OF INSURANCE CONTRACT
<d2.o n="A. Formation and Validity.
<d3.o n="1. General Principles.
<d4.o n="(a) [§28] Requisites
and Elements.
<d4.o n="(b) [§29] Written
Contracts: Policies.
<d4.o n="(c) [§30] Oral
Contracts.
<d4.o n="(d) [§31] Parties to
Contract.
<d4.o n="(e) [§32] Statutory
Requirements for Legibility.
<d4.o n="(f) [§33] Foreign
Language Policies.
<d3.o n="2. [§34] Application
by Insured.
<d3.o n="3. Acceptance or Rejection by Insurer.
<d4.o n="(a) [§35] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§36] Insurer''s Right of Refusal.
<d3.o n="4. Interim Contracts: Binders.
<d4.o n="(a) [§37] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§38] Statutory
Regulation.
<d4.o n="(c) [§39] Life
Insurance Applications.
<d4.o n="(d) [§40] Return of
Premium as Precondition to Rejection of Application.
<d4.o n="(e) [§41] Effect of
Ambiguous Terms.
<d4.o n="(f) [§42] Where
Insurer Is Not Designated.
<d4.o n="(g) [§43] Estoppel
To Deny Coverage.
<d3.o n="5. [§44] Execution
of Policy.
<d3.o n="6. Delivery of Policy.
<d4.o n="(a) [§45] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§46] Constructive
Delivery.
<d3.o n="7. [§47] Validity.
<d2.o n="B. Construction.
<d3.o n="1. Generally.
<d4.o n="(a) [§48] Governing
Rules and Principles.
<d4.o n="(b) Constituent Parts of Contract.
<d5.o n="(1) [§49] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§50] Particular
Types of Policies.
<d4.o n="(c) [§51] Policy as
Adhesion Contract.
<d4.o n="(d) [§52] Construction
of Policy in Entirety.
<d4.o n="(e) [§53] Reference
to Drafting History, Interpretive Materials, and Advertising.
<d4.o n="(f) [§54] Effect of
Judicial Enlargement of Liability Covered.
<d3.o n="2. Unambiguous Provisions: Reference to Plain
Meaning.
<d4.o n="(a) [§55] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§56] Lay
Interpretation Governs.
<d4.o n="(c) [§57] Construction
in Context.
<d4.o n="(d) [§58] Effect of
Public Policy.
<d4.o n="(e) [§59] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="3. Ambiguous Provisions: Reasonable Expectations of
Insured.
<d4.o n="(a) [§60] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§61] Relevant
Factors.
<d3.o n="4. Ambiguous Provisions: Construction Against
Insurer.
<d4.o n="(a) [§62] General
Rule Favoring Insured.
<d4.o n="(b) [§63] Limitations
on Rule.
<d4.o n="(c) Exclusionary Clauses: Terms Must Be Conspicuous,
Plain, and Clear.
<d5.o n="(1) [§64] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§65] Illustrations
of Conspicuous, Plain, and Clear Clauses.
<d2.o n="C. Performance and Breach.
<d3.o n="1. Conditions Precedent.
<d4.o n="(a) [§66] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§67] Payment of
Premiums.
<d3.o n="2. [§68] Conditions
Subsequent.
<d3.o n="3. Right to Proceeds.
<d4.o n="(a) [§69] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§70] Third-Party
Beneficiaries.
<d4.o n="(c) [§71] Recovery
by Insurer of Proceeds Paid Under Mistake.
<d4.o n="(d) [§72] Change of
Beneficiaries or Beneficial Rights.
<d3.o n="4. [§73] Breach of
Contract.
<d2.o n="D. [§74] Transfer.
III. INSURABLE INTEREST
<d2.o n="A. [§75] In
General.
<d2.o n="B. [§76] Property
Insurance.
<d2.o n="C. [§77] Automobile
Insurance.
<d2.o n="D. Life and Disability Insurance.
<d3.o n="1. [§78] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§79] Insurable
Interest of Employers, Benefit Plan Trustees, and Charities.
<d3.o n="3. [§80] Insurable
Interest of Creditors.
IV. COVERAGE OF POLICIES GENERALLY
<d2.o n="A. Basic Principles.
<d3.o n="1. [§81] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§82] Burden of
Proof.
<d3.o n="3. Types of Coverage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§83] First-Party
and Third-Party Coverage.
<d4.o n="(b) Primary and Secondary Coverage.
<d5.o n="(1) [§84] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§85] "Other
Insurance" Clauses.
<d4.o n="(c) [§86] Individual
and Group Coverage.
<d4.o n="(d) [§87] Partnership
Insurance.
<d4.o n="(e) [§88] Reinsurance.
<d3.o n="4. Definition and Scope of Terms.
<d4.o n="(a) [§89] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§90] "Accident."
<d4.o n="(c) [§91] "Advertising Injury."
<d4.o n="(d) [§92] "Bodily Injury."
<d4.o n="(e) [§93] "Damages."
<d4.o n="(f) [§94] "Family," "Household," or "Residence."
<d4.o n="(g) [§95] "Intentional Act."
<d4.o n="(h) [§96] "Legally Obligated To Pay."
<d4.o n="(i) [§97] "Pollution."
<d4.o n="(j) [§98] "Property Damage."
<d4.o n="(k) [§99] "Suit."
<d2.o n="B. Prohibited Indemnifications.
<d3.o n="1. Wilful Acts of Insured.
<d4.o n="(a) [§100] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) What Constitutes Wilful Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§101] Conduct
Intended To Harm or Inherently Harmful.
<d5.o n="(2) [§102] Effect of
Insanity.
<d4.o n="(c) Particular Acts.
<d5.o n="(1) [§103] Wrongful
Termination.
<d5.o n="(2) [§104] Malicious
Prosecution.
<d5.o n="(3) [§105] Child
Molestation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§106] Sex Torts
Involving Battery or Fraud.
<d5.o n="(5) [§107] Sexual
Harassment.
<d5.o n="(6) [§108] Other
Examples.
<d4.o n="(d) Distinctions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§109] Negligent
Act.
<d5.o n="(2) [§110] Act Not
Committed by Insured.
<d5.o n="(3) [§111] Liability
Under Surety Bond.
<d5.o n="(4) [§112] Independent
Coverage.
<d3.o n="2. [§113] Punitive
Damages.
<d2.o n="C. First-Party Insurance.
<d3.o n="1. [§114] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§115] Trigger
of Coverage.
<d3.o n="3. Causation of Loss.
<d4.o n="(a) [§116] In
General: Efficient Proximate Cause Standard.
<d4.o n="(b) [§117] Distinction:
Separate Characterization of Excluded Cause.
<d3.o n="4. Life Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§118] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§119] Accidental
Death Provisions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§120] Condition
of Insured''s Good
Health.
<d4.o n="(d) [§121] Exclusion
for Suicide.
<d3.o n="5. Health and Disability Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§122] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§123] Total
Disability.
<d4.o n="(c) [§124] Inception
of Covered Condition.
<d4.o n="(d) [§125] Effect of
ERISA.
<d4.o n="(e) HMO Plans.
<d5.o n="(1) [§126] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§127] Contracts
Interfering With Physician-Patient Communication.
<d5.o n="(3) [§128] Contracts
Offering Incentives To Deny Medical Services.
<d5.o n="(4) [§129] Contracts
Restricting Advertising.
<d5.o n="(5) [§130] Health Care
Provider’'s Bill of
Rights.
<d3.o n="6. Property Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§131] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§132] Exclusions.
<d3.o n="7. Surety or Fidelity Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§133] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§134] Loss
Occurring Over Multiple Policy Periods.
<d2.o n="D. Third-Party (Liability) Insurance.
<d3.o n="1. [§135] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§136] No-Fault
Insurance Proposals.
<d3.o n="3. Trigger of Coverage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§137] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) "Occurrence" Policies.
<d5.o n="(1) [§138] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§139] Continuing
or Progressive Injuries.
<d4.o n="(c) "Claims
Made" Policies.
<d5.o n="(1) [§140] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§141] Related
Claims.
<d5.o n="(3) [§142] Awareness
Provisions.
<d4.o n="(d) [§143] Variations
of Basic Policy Types.
<d3.o n="4. [§144] Causation
of Loss: Concurrent Proximate Cause Standard.
<d3.o n="5. Exclusions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§145] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) "Expected
or Intended"
Harm.
<d5.o n="(1) [§146] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§147] Subjective
Test.
<d3.o n="6. [§148] Commercial
General Liability (CGL) Insurance.
<d3.o n="7. Homeowners Liability Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§149] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Exclusions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§150] Business
Pursuits.
<d5.o n="(2) [§151] Injuries
to Household Members and Residents.
<d5.o n="(3) [§152] Automobile-Related
Incidents.
<d3.o n="8. Professional Liability Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§153] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§154] Legal
Malpractice Insurance.
<d4.o n="(c) [§155] Medical
Malpractice Insurance.
<d3.o n="9. [§156] Directors
and Officers Liability Insurance.
<d3.o n="10. . [§157] Products
Liability Insurance.
<d3.o n="11. [§158] Employers'' Liability Insurance.
V. COVERAGE OF AUTOMOBILE POLICIES
<d2.o n="A. Generally.
<d3.o n="1. [§159] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§160] Property
Loss Coverage.
<d3.o n="3. [§161] Medical
Payments Coverage.
<d2.o n="B. Liability Coverage.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§162] Nature of
Coverage.
<d4.o n="(b) [§163] Types of
Policies.
<d4.o n="(c) [§164] Persons
and Entities Insured.
<d4.o n="(d) [§165] Vehicles
Insured.
<d4.o n="(e) [§166] Activities
Covered.
<d4.o n="(f) [§167] Territorial
Limits.
<d4.o n="(g) [§168] Monetary
Limits.
<d3.o n="2. Permissive Use.
<d4.o n="(a) [§169] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§170] Coverage
Required.
<d4.o n="(c) Limitations and Exceptions to Requirement.
<d5.o n="(1) [§171] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§172] Exception
of Designated Users.
<d4.o n="(d) [§173] Scope of
Insured''s Permission.
<d3.o n="3. Exclusions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§174] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§175] Statutory
List.
<d4.o n="(c) [§176] Injuries
to Insureds.
<d4.o n="(d) [§177] Designated
Vehicles or Classes of Vehicles.
<d3.o n="4. Effect of Other Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§178] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§179] Statutory
Presumptions.
<d2.o n="C. Uninsured Motorist Coverage.
<d3.o n="1. [§180] Nature
and Purpose.
<d3.o n="2. Requirement and Amount of Coverage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§181] Personal
Injury Coverage: Uninsured Motorists.
<d4.o n="(b) Personal Injury Coverage: Underinsured
Motorists.
<d5.o n="(1) [§182] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§183] Exhaustion
of Other Insurance.
<d5.o n="(3) [§184] Reimbursement
or Credit to Insurer.
<d5.o n="(4) [§185] Conflicting
Uninsured Motorist Provisions Are Superseded.
<d4.o n="(c) [§186] Collision
Coverage.
<d4.o n="(d) [§187] Effect of
Other Compensation.
<d4.o n="(e) [§188] Policy
Limits.
<d4.o n="(f) [§189] Multiple
Policies.
<d3.o n="3. Scope and Conditions of Coverage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§190] Persons
Insured.
<d4.o n="(b) [§191] Vehicles
Involved.
<d4.o n="(c) Statutory Exclusions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§192] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§193] Settlement
or Judgment Without Insurer''s
Consent.
<d5.o n="(3) [§194] Occupied
Vehicle Owned but Not Covered by Policy.
<d5.o n="(4) [§195] Occupied
Vehicle Covered by Similar Insurance.
<d4.o n="(d) [§196] Policy
Exclusions.
<d4.o n="(e) [§197] When
Vehicle Is Uninsured.
<d4.o n="(f) Claims Involving Unknown Owner or Operator.
<d5.o n="(1) [§198] Physical
Contact.
<d5.o n="(2) [§199] Notification
of Authorities and Insurer.
<d3.o n="4. Waiver of Coverage.
<d4.o n="(a) [§200] Personal
Injury Coverage.
<d4.o n="(b) [§201] Collision
Coverage.
<d4.o n="(c) [§202] Multiple
Vehicles.
<d4.o n="(d) [§203] Illustrations:
Effective Waivers.
<d4.o n="(e) [§204] Illustrations:
Ineffective Waivers.
<d3.o n="5. Procedure.
<d4.o n="(a) Statute of Limitations.
<d5.o n="(1) [§205] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§206] Underinsured
Motorist Claims.
<d5.o n="(3) [§207] Action To
Compel Arbitration.
<d4.o n="(b) Arbitration.
<d5.o n="(1) [§208] Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§209] Issues
Subject to Arbitration.
<d5.o n="(3) [§210] Notice
and Hearing.
<d5.o n="(4) [§211] Joinder
and Consolidation.
<d5.o n="(5) [§212] Stay When
Workers'' Compensation
Claim Is Filed.
<d5.o n="(6) [§213] Conclusion
of Arbitration.
<d5.o n="(7) [§214] Award and
Review.
<d4.o n="(c) [§215] Subrogation
of Insurer.
VI. REFORMATION AND TERMINATION OF INSURANCE
CONTRACT
<d2.o n="A. Reformation.
<d3.o n="1. [§216] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§217] Mistake
as Ground.
<d3.o n="3. [§218] Effect of
Accepting or Failing To Read Policy.
<d2.o n="B. Cancellation.
<d3.o n="1. [§219] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§220] Cancellation
by Lender Financing Premiums.
<d3.o n="3. [§221] Cancellation
in Bad Faith.
<d3.o n="4. [§222] Notice of
Cancellation.
<d2.o n="C. [§223] Nonrenewal.
<d2.o n="D. Rescission.
<d3.o n="1. [§224] Right To
Rescind.
<d3.o n="2. [§225] General
Limitations.
<d3.o n="3. Incontestability Clauses.
<d4.o n="(a) [§226] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§227] What
Constitutes Contest.
<d4.o n="(c) [§228] Life
Insurance.
<d4.o n="(d) [§229] Disability
Insurance.
<d3.o n="4. [§230] Exercise
of Right.
<d3.o n="5. [§231] Misrepresentation
or Concealment Affecting Amount of Premium.
<d3.o n="6. [§232] Misrepresentation
or Concealment of Change in Medical Condition.
<d2.o n="E. Automobile Insurance Policies.
<d3.o n="1. [§233] Grounds
for Termination.
<d3.o n="2. [§234] Procedure
for Cancellation.
<d3.o n="3. [§235] Procedure
for Nonrenewal.
<d3.o n="4. [§236] Effect of
Permitting Policy To Expire.
<d3.o n="5. [§237] Required
and Prohibited Policy Provisions.
VII. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS AFTER OCCURRENCE OF
INSURED EVENT
<d2.o n="A. [§238] Indemnification
of Insured.
<d2.o n="B. Bad Faith Liability.
<d3.o n="1. Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing.
<d4.o n="(a) [§239] Nature of
Covenant.
<d4.o n="(b) Breach of Covenant by Insurer.
<d5.o n="(1) [§240] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§241] Tort and
Contract Remedies.
<d5.o n="(3) [§242] Punitive
Damages.
<d4.o n="(c) [§243] Breach of
Covenant by Insured: Only Contract Damages.
<d4.o n="(d) Actionable Conduct.
<d5.o n="(1) [§244] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§245] Investigation
or Evaluation of Claims.
<d5.o n="(3) [§246] Conduct
of Litigation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§247] Denial of
Benefits or Delay in Payment.
<d4.o n="(e) [§248] Breach of
Insurance Contract Is Required.
<d4.o n="(f) [§249] Commentary
and Practice Works.
<d3.o n="2. Alternative Theories of Liability.
<d4.o n="(a) [§250] Breach of
Express Terms of Contract.
<d4.o n="(b) [§251] Traditional
Tort Actions.
<d4.o n="(c) Unfair Insurance Practices Act.
<d5.o n="(1) [§252] Nature
and Scope of Act.
<d5.o n="(2) No Private Statutory Action.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§253] Royal
Globe Doctrine.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§254] Abrogation
of Royal Globe in Moradi-Shalal.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§255] Subsequent
Developments.
<d5.o n="(3) [§256] Estoppel
Based on Violation of Act.
<d2.o n="C. Insurer''s Duty To Settle.
<d3.o n="1. Bad Faith Refusal To Settle.
<d4.o n="(a) In General.
<d5.o n="(1) [§257] Nature of
Duty.
<d5.o n="(2) [§258] Bad Faith
Test of Breach.
<d5.o n="(3) [§259] Excess
Judgment Required.
<d5.o n="(4) [§260] Discovery
of Policy Limits.
<d5.o n="(5) [§261] Assignment
of Cause of Action Against Insurer.
<d5.o n="(6) [§262] Rights of
Excess Insurer.
<d4.o n="(b) Illustrations.
<d5.o n="(1) [§263] Duty Not
Breached.
<d5.o n="(2) [§264] Breach by
Insurer That Defends.
<d5.o n="(3) [§265] Breach by
Insurer That Does Not Defend.
<d4.o n="(c) [§266] Effect of
Seeking Declaratory Relief.
<d3.o n="2. Bad Faith Acceptance of Settlement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§267] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§268] Coercing
Insured''s
Contribution to Settlement.
<d3.o n="3. [§269] Reimbursement
of Insurer for Settlement of Uncovered Claims.
<d2.o n="D. Insurer''s Duty To Defend.
<d3.o n="1. [§270] Insurer''s Obligation and Right of
Control.
<d3.o n="2. Scope of Duty.
<d4.o n="(a) [§271] Potential
for Coverage Test.
<d4.o n="(b) [§272] Duty Is
Broader Than Duty To Indemnify.
<d4.o n="(c) Manner of Determining Duty.
<d5.o n="(1) [§273] Declaratory
Relief.
<d5.o n="(2) [§274] Use of
Evidence Extrinsic to Complaint.
<d4.o n="(d) [§275] Inception
and Duration of Duty.
<d3.o n="3. Duty in Particular Actions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§276] Action
Requiring Resolution of Legal Question.
<d4.o n="(b) [§277] Action
Based on Emotional or Physical Distress From Uncovered Loss.
<d4.o n="(c) [§278] Criminal
Action.
<d4.o n="(d) [§279] Wrongful
Termination Action.
<d4.o n="(e) [§280] Action
Based on Sexual Misconduct.
<d4.o n="(f) [§281] Action
Under Workers''
Compensation Policy.
<d4.o n="(g) Other Circumstances.
<d5.o n="(1) [§282] Duty To
Defend.
<d5.o n="(2) [§283] No Duty
To Defend.
<d3.o n="4. [§284] Insurer''s Reservation of Rights.
<d3.o n="5. Defense After Exhaustion of Policy Limits.
<d4.o n="(a) [§285] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§286] Effect of
Several Primary Policies.
<d3.o n="6. Independent Counsel Where Conflict of Interest.
<d4.o n="(a) [§287] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§288] Existence
of Conflict of Interest.
<d4.o n="(c) [§289] Time of
Appointment.
<d4.o n="(d) [§290] Selection
and Payment.
<d4.o n="(e) [§291] Rights
and Duties in Course of Litigation.
<d3.o n="7. Defense of Action in Entirety.
<d4.o n="(a) [§292] Duty of
Insurer.
<d4.o n="(b) [§293] Reimbursement
for Defense of Uncovered Claims.
7A. [§293A]
(New) Reimbursement on
Determination That Insurer Had No Duty To Defend.
<d3.o n="8. [§294] Courtesy
Defense of Uninsured Defendant.
<d3.o n="9. Manner of Conducting Defense.
<d4.o n="(a) [§295] Duty To
Exercise Due Care and Good Faith.
<d4.o n="(b) [§296] Funding
of Defense.
<d3.o n="10. . Effect of Failure or Refusal To Defend.
<d4.o n="(a) [§297] Action
Defended by Insured.
<d4.o n="(b) [§298] Insured
Unable To Defend.
<d4.o n="(c) [§299] Recovery
of Tort Damages.
<d3.o n="11. [§300] Assignment
of Cause of Action Against Insurer.
<d2.o n="E. Insurer''s Liability to Injured Person.
<d3.o n="1. [§301] Liability
on Judgment Against Insured.
<d3.o n="2. Action by Injured Person Against Insurer
Directly.
<d4.o n="(a) [§302] General
Rule: No Action Without Judgment.
<d4.o n="(b) [§303] Exception:
Suit Under Special Legislation.
<d4.o n="(c) [§304] Exception:
Suit as Third-Party Beneficiary Under Traditional Contract Principles.
<d3.o n="3. [§305] Effect of
Stipulated Judgment.
<d3.o n="4. Bad Faith Liability.
<d4.o n="(a) [§306] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§307] No
Liability for Failure To Settle.
<d4.o n="(c) [§308] Liability
for Withholding Amounts Owed on Judgment.
<d2.o n="F. Defenses of Insurer.
<d3.o n="1. [§309] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§310] Defenses
Against Insured Are Available Against Injured Party.
<d3.o n="3. [§311] Defense
of Fraud.
<d3.o n="4. Defense of Noncooperation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§312] Nature of
Cooperation Clause.
<d4.o n="(b) [§313] Prejudice
Required.
<d4.o n="(c) [§314] Failure
To Disclose Information.
<d4.o n="(d) [§315] Failure
To Assist in Trial Preparation.
<d4.o n="(e) [§316] Absence
From Trial.
<d3.o n="5. Defense of Violation of Other Policy Conditions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§317] Notice
and Proof of Loss.
<d4.o n="(b) [§318] Notice of
Accident or Claim.
<d4.o n="(c) [§319] Submission
to Examination Under Oath.
<d4.o n="(d) [§320] Prohibition
Against Voluntary Payments.
<d3.o n="6. [§321] Defense
of Federal Preemption Under ERISA.
<d3.o n="7. [§322] No
Defense of Comparative Bad Faith.
<d3.o n="8. [§323] Effect of
Transgressions by Fewer Than All Insureds.
<d3.o n="9. Waiver of, or Estoppel To Assert, Defenses.
<d4.o n="(a) [§324] In
General.
(b) [§325]
Denial of Coverage on
Limited Grounds.