11
Summary of California Law (10th), Community Property
I. CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTY
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§1] Community
Property System.
<d3.o n="2. [§2] Development
of Modern California Law.
<d3.o n="3. [§3] Property
Rights During Marriage.
<d2.o n="B. Separate and Community Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§4] Community
Property.
<d3.o n="2. [§5] Separate
Property.
<d3.o n="3. [§6] Practical
Effects of Distinction.
<d3.o n="4. Time of Acquisition.
<d4.o n="(a) [§7] Inception
of Title Theory.
<d4.o n="(b) [§8] Equitable
Title Theory.
<d4.o n="(c) Acquisition While Separated.
<d5.o n="(1) [§9] Former Law.
<d5.o n="(2) [§10] Current Law.
<d5.o n="(3) [§11] Valuation
Based on Date of Separation.
<d5.o n="(4) [§12] Permanent
Separation.
<d5.o n="(5) [§13] Accumulations.
<d3.o n="5. [§14] Separate
Property Acquired During Marriage.
<d2.o n="C. Presumptions.
<d3.o n="1. General Presumption of Community Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§15] Nature and
Effect.
<d4.o n="(b) Distinction: Family Expense Presumption.
<d5.o n="(1) [§16] Theory of
Presumption.
<d5.o n="(2) [§17] Contrary Rule
of See Case.
<d5.o n="(3) [§18] Payments
Made After Separation.
<d3.o n="2. Transfer to Married Woman.
<d4.o n="(a) [§19] Former
Presumption of Separate Property.
<d4.o n="(b) [§20] Abolition
of Presumption.
<d3.o n="3. Transfer to Married Woman and Others.
<d4.o n="(a) [§21] To Wife
and Stranger.
<d4.o n="(b) To Wife and Husband.
<d5.o n="(1) [§22] Community
Property.
<d5.o n="(2) [§23] Exception:
Driving With Permission Law.
<d2.o n="D. Marital Agreements.
<d3.o n="1. [§24] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§25] Requisites
of Premarital Agreements.
<d3.o n="3. . [§26] Subjects
of Premarital Agreements.
<d3.o n="4. . Defenses in Action To Enforce Premarital
Agreement.
<d4.o n="(a) [§27] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Involuntary or Unconscionable Agreements.
<d5.o n="(1) [§28] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§29] Lack of
Independent Counsel.
<d4.o n="(c) [§30] Void
Marriage.
<d4.o n="(d) [§31] Statute of
Limitations and Equitable Defenses.
<d4.o n="(e) [§32] Agreements
Violating Public Policy.
<d3.o n="5. [§33]
Restrictions on Alteration of Spouses'
Legal Relations.
<d2.o n="E. Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="1. [§34] Personal
Property Brought to California.
<d3.o n="2. [§35] Real
Property Purchased Elsewhere.
II. ACQUISITION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY
<d2.o n="A. [§36] In
General.
<d2.o n="B. [§37] Earnings.
<d2.o n="C. Personal Injury Damages.
<d3.o n="1. [§38] Original
Community Property Rule.
<d3.o n="2. [§39] Later
Separate Property Rule.
<d3.o n="3. [§40] Community
Property Rule Restored.
<d3.o n="4. [§41] Exceptions:
Separate Property.
<d3.o n="5. [§42] Reimbursement
for Expenses.
<d3.o n="6. [§43] Spouse's Negligence as Concurring
Cause.
<d2.o n="D. Proceeds of Community Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§44] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§45] Proceeds
of Personal Injury Damages.
<d3.o n="3. [§46] Profits
From Community Property Business.
<d3.o n="4. Proceeds of Insurance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§47] Whole Life
Insurance.
<d4.o n="(b) [§48] Term Life
Insurance.
<d4.o n="(c) [§49] Term
Health Insurance.
<d4.o n="(d) [§50] Veteran's Insurance.
<d4.o n="(e) [§51] Federal
Employees' Insurance.
<d3.o n="5. Proceeds of Earnings.
<d4.o n="(a) [§52] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§53] Insurance
Agent's Termination
Benefits.
<d4.o n="(c) Severance Pay.
<d5.o n="(1) [§54] Community
Property.
<d5.o n="(2) [§55] Separate
Property.
<d5.o n="(3) [§56] Military
Severance Pay and Reenlistment.
<d4.o n="(d) [§57] Stock
Options.
<d3.o n="6. Pensions and Retirement Benefits.
<d4.o n="(a) [§58] Nature and
Types of Pension Plans.
<d4.o n="(b) [§59] Vested
Pension Rights.
<d4.o n="(c) [§60] Nonvested
Pension Rights.
<d4.o n="(d) [§61] Enhanced
Early Retirement Benefits.
<d4.o n="(e) Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act
(ERISA).
<d5.o n="(1) [§62] Preemptive
Effect of ERISA.
<d5.o n="(2) [§63] Exception
for Qualified Domestic Relations Order.
<d4.o n="(f) [§64] Railroad
Retirement Act Benefits.
<d4.o n="(g) Time Rule for Determining Community Interest.
<d5.o n="(1) [§65] Basic
Formula.
<d5.o n="(2) [§66] Distinctions.
<d4.o n="(h) Former Terminable Interest Rule.
<d5.o n="(1) [§67] Nature of
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§68] Statutory
Abrogation of Rule.
<d4.o n="(i) [§69] Election
Not To Retire.
<d4.o n="(j) [§70] Withdrawal
and Redeposit of Contributions.
<d4.o n="(k) [§71] Payment as
Discharge.
<d4.o n="(l) Division of Benefits.
<d5.o n="(1) [§72] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§73] Nonemployee
Spouse's Right to
Immediate Payment.
<d5.o n="(3) [§74] Date of
Entitlement to Immediate Payment.
<d5.o n="(4) [§75] Waiver of
Immediate Payment Rights.
<d5.o n="(5) [§76] Award to
Employee Spouse With Offset.
<d5.o n="(6) [§77] Survivor
and Death Benefits.
<d3.o n="7. Military Retirement Benefits.
<d4.o n="(a) Former California Law.
<d5.o n="(1) [§78] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§79] Law Held
Unconstitutional.
<d4.o n="(b) Federal Uniformed Services Former Spouses
Protection Act (FUSFSPA).
<d5.o n="(1) [§80] Nature and
Effect of Statute.
<d5.o n="(2) [§81] Retroactivity.
<d4.o n="(c) [§82] Nonemployee
Spouse's Election.
<d4.o n="(d) [§83] Support
Order To Enforce Division.
<d4.o n="(e) [§84] Separation
Incentive Payments.
<d4.o n="(f) [§85] Forfeiture
of Pension.
<d3.o n="8. Military Disability Pay.
<d4.o n="(a) [§86] Former
Separate Property Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§87] Only
Disability Pay in Excess of Retirement Benefits Is Separate Property.
<d4.o n="(c) [§88] Disposable
Versus Gross Retirement Benefits.
<d4.o n="(d) Effect of Waiver of Retirement Benefits.
<d5.o n="(1) [§89] Federal
Preemption of Community Property Division.
<d5.o n="(2) [§90] Distinction:
Postjudgment Election of Disability Over Retirement Benefits.
<d3.o n="9. Employment or Insurance Disability Benefits.
<d4.o n="(a) [§91] Only
Disability Pay in Excess of Retirement Benefits Is Separate Property.
<d4.o n="(b) [§92] Division
Where Vested Retirement Benefits Mature After Disability Payments.
<d4.o n="(c) Disability Insurance Benefits.
<d5.o n="(1) [§93] Community
Interest in Benefits.
<d5.o n="(2) [§94] Distinction:
Postseparation Renewal of Policy With Separate Funds.
<d3.o n="10. . Judges'
Retirement Benefits.
<d4.o n="(a) [§95] Nature of
Benefits.
<d4.o n="(b) [§96] Application
of Time Rule.
<d3.o n="11. [§97] Social
Security Benefits.
<d3.o n="12. [§98] Other
Proceeds.
<d2.o n="E. Credit Acquisitions.
<d3.o n="1. [§99] Lender's Intent Governs Character.
<d3.o n="2. [§100] Proof of
Lender's Intent.
<d2.o n="F. Goodwill of Profession or Business.
<d3.o n="1. [§101] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Valuation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§102] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§103] No
Consideration of Future Earnings.
<d4.o n="(c) [§104] Market
Value as Measure of Goodwill.
<d4.o n="(d) [§105] Effect of
Agreement Relating to Goodwill.
<d4.o n="(e) [§106] Date of
Valuation of Law Practice.
<d4.o n="(f) [§107] Particular
Valuation Methods.
<d2.o n="G. Educational Degree or License.
<d3.o n="1. [§108] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§109] Nature
and Scope of Reimbursement Statute.
<d3.o n="3. [§110] Reimbursement
Requirements.
<d2.o n="H. [§111] Other
Assets.
III. COMMINGLING OF COMMUNITY AND SEPARATE PROPERTY
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§112] Where
Each Fund Is Traceable.
<d3.o n="2. [§113] Where
Funds Are Not Traceable.
<d3.o n="3. [§114] Recordkeeping
Requirements.
<d2.o n="B. Improvement of Separate Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§115] Former
Traditional Rule.
<d3.o n="2. [§116] Current
Rule: Reimbursement to Community.
<d2.o n="C. Payments for Benefit of Separate Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§117] Taxes or
Encumbrances.
<d3.o n="2. Part of Purchase Price.
<d4.o n="(a) [§118] Community
Interest in Enhanced Value.
<d4.o n="(b) [§119] Apportionment
of Separate and Community Property Interests.
<d3.o n="3. [§120] Part of
Insurance Premiums.
<d2.o n="D. Profits From Separate Property Business.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§121] Duty To
Apportion.
<d4.o n="(b) [§122] Alternative
Apportionment Methods.
<d4.o n="(c) [§123] Where
Apportionment Is Not Required.
<d3.o n="2. [§124] Amount
Over Investment Plus Fair Return.
<d3.o n="3. [§125] Fluctuating
Value With No Net Increase.
<d3.o n="4. [§126] Salary or
Value of Services.
<d3.o n="5. [§127] Time
Rule.
<d3.o n="6. [§128] Farming
on Separate Property.
IV. TITLE AND CONTROL
<d2.o n="A. Interest of Spouses.
<d3.o n="1. [§129] Former
Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§130] Present,
Existing, and Equal Interest.
<d2.o n="B. Management and Control.
<d3.o n="1. [§131] Former
Law: Control by Husband.
<d3.o n="2. [§132] Current
Law: Control by Either Spouse.
<d3.o n="3. Duty To Act as Fiduciary.
<d4.o n="(a) [§133] Statutory
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(b) [§134] Action
for Breach of Duty.
<d3.o n="4. [§135] Spouse
Operating Business.
<d2.o n="C. Restrictions on Control.
<d3.o n="1. [§136] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Gift of Community Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§137] Statutory
Limitation.
<d4.o n="(b) [§138] Permissible
Transactions.
<d4.o n="(c) Recovery of One-Half After Death.
<d5.o n="(1) [§139] Rule and
Theory.
<d5.o n="(2) [§140] Survival
of Right.
<d5.o n="(3) [§141] Life
Insurance Policy.
<d5.o n="(4) [§142] Qualification:
Intention of Donor Spouse.
<d4.o n="(d) Right To Recover the Whole.
<d5.o n="(1) [§143] During
Marriage.
<d5.o n="(2) [§144] Where
Property Is Commingled.
<d4.o n="(e) [§145] Personal
Liability of Spouse or Estate.
<d3.o n="3. Transfers for Consideration.
<d4.o n="(a) [§146] Personal
Property.
<d4.o n="(b) Real Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§147] Requirement
of Spouse's Consent.
<d5.o n="(2) Lien on Community Realty.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§148] Entire
Lien Is Voidable.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§149] Distinction:
Family Law Attorney's
Lien.
<d5.o n="(3) [§150] Bona Fide
Purchasers.
<d2.o n="D. Transfers Between Husband and Wife.
<d3.o n="1. [§151] Former
Case Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§152] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="3. [§153] Authority
To Transmute.
<d3.o n="4. Form of Transmutation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§154] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§155] Writing
Requirement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§156] Estate
Planning Transactions.
<d3.o n="5. [§157] Conversion
to Community Property With Right of Survivorship.
<d2.o n="E. Management or Disposition Where Spouse Lacks
Capacity.
<d3.o n="1. [§158] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§159] Management,
Control, and Disposition.
<d3.o n="3. [§160] Substitute
for Joinder or Consent.
<d3.o n="4. Proceeding for Particular Transactions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§161] Nature of
Proceeding.
<d4.o n="(b) [§162] Authorized
Transactions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§163] Petition.
<d4.o n="(d) [§164] Notice
and Hearing.
<d4.o n="(e) [§165] Orders.
<d4.o n="(f) [§166] Consummation
of Transaction.
<d3.o n="5. Support of Conservatee Spouse.
<d4.o n="(a) [§167] Nature
and Purpose of Legislation.
<d4.o n="(b) [§168] Petition
and Citation.
<d4.o n="(c) [§169] Hearing
and Incidental Proceedings.
<d4.o n="(d) [§170] Orders.
<d4.o n="(e) [§171] Enforcement.
V. LIABILITY OF SEPARATE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY
FOR DEBT
<d2.o n="A. Former Law.
<d3.o n="1. [§172] Liability
of Separate Property for Debts.
<d3.o n="2. [§173] Liability
of Community Property for Debts.
<d3.o n="3. [§174] Nonliability
of Community Property for Torts.
<d2.o n="B. Revised Law.
<d3.o n="1. [§175] Law
Revision Commission Report.
<d3.o n="2. [§176] Nature
and Scope of Revision.
<d3.o n="3. Liability for Debts.
<d4.o n="(a) Liability of Community Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§177] General
Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§178] Exception
for Earnings.
<d4.o n="(b) Liability of Separate Property.
<d5.o n="(1) [§179] Debt
Incurred Before or During Marriage.
<d5.o n="(2) [§180] Personal
Liability for Debts for Spouse's
Necessaries.
<d4.o n="(c) [§181] Child or
Spousal Support Obligations.
<d4.o n="(d) [§182] Property
Owned or Received at Division.
<d3.o n="4. [§183] Reimbursement.
<d3.o n="5. Liability for Torts.
<d4.o n="(a) Liability of Tortfeasor.
<d5.o n="(1) [§184] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§185] Illustrations.
<d4.o n="(b) [§186] Interspousal
Injuries.
<d2.o n="C. [§187] Attempted
Murder of Spouse.
VI. DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY ON DISSOLUTION
OR LEGAL SEPARATION
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§188] Former
Law Based on Fault.
<d3.o n="2. [§189] Current
Law Eliminating Fault.
<d3.o n="3. [§190] General
Rule of Equal Division.
<d2.o n="B. Valuation.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§191] Speculation
Improper.
<d4.o n="(b) [§192] Consideration
of Covenant Not To Compete.
<d3.o n="2. Date of Valuation.
<d4.o n="(a) [§193] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§194] Bifurcated
Trial.
<d4.o n="(c) [§195] Valuation
as of Time of Separation.
<d3.o n="3. [§196] Transfer
of Asset During Proceeding.
<d3.o n="4. [§197] Attorneys' Fees.
<d3.o n="5. [§198] Transfer
of Debts as Spousal Support.
<d3.o n="6. [§199] Spouse's Postseparation Use of or
Payment for Community Asset.
<d3.o n="7. [§200] Division
by Agreement.
<d3.o n="8. Exceptions to Rule.
<d4.o n="(a) [§201] Misappropriation
by Spouse.
<d4.o n="(b) [§202] Personal
Injury Damages.
<d4.o n="(c) [§203] Other
Exceptions.
<d2.o n="C. Award of Particular Asset to One Party.
<d3.o n="1. [§204] Statutory
Rule.
<d3.o n="2. [§205] Division
Must Be Equal.
<d3.o n="3. Deferred Sale of Family Home.
<d4.o n="(a) [§206] Development
of Case Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§207] Statutory
Procedure and Factors.
<d4.o n="(c) [§208] Orders.
<d3.o n="4. [§209] Family
Business.
<d3.o n="5. [§210] Publicly
Traded Stock.
<d3.o n="6. [§211] Stock in
Close Corporation.
<d2.o n="D. [§212] Characterization
and Confirmation of Debts.
<d2.o n="E. Methods of Division.
<d3.o n="1. [§213] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. [§214] Division
in Kind.
<d3.o n="3. [§215] Sale of
Property and Division of Proceeds.
<d3.o n="4. [§216] Reservation
of Jurisdiction To Divide.
<d3.o n="5. [§217] Nonjudicial
Division.
<d2.o n="F. Division of Jointly Held Property.
<d3.o n="1. Community Property Presumption.
<d4.o n="(a) Former Law.
<d5.o n="(1) [§218] Joint
Tenancy With Separate Interests.
<d5.o n="(2) [§219] Single-Family
Residence in Joint Tenancy.
<d4.o n="(b) Current Law.
<d5.o n="(1) [§220] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§221] Effect of
Party's Death After
Dissolution but Before Division.
<d3.o n="2. Reimbursement for Contributions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§222] Statutory
Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§223] Conversion
of Separate Property into Joint Tenancy.
<d4.o n="(c) [§224] Later
Acquired Assets.
<d4.o n="(d) [§225] Postseparation
Payments.
<d3.o n="3. Division of Separate Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§226] Former
Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§227] Statutory
Revision.
<d4.o n="(c) [§228] Enforcement
of Premarital Loan.
<d3.o n="4. Retroactive Application Held Unconstitutional.
<d4.o n="(a) [§229] Community
Property Presumption.
<d4.o n="(b) [§230] Right to
Reimbursement.
<d4.o n="(c) [§231] Attempted
Statutory Solution.
<d2.o n="G. Procedure.
<d3.o n="1. [§232] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Mandatory Financial Disclosure.
<d4.o n="(a) [§233] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§234] Scope of
Disclosure Requirements.
<d4.o n="(c) [§235] Fiduciary
Duties.
<d4.o n="(d) [§236] Preliminary
Declaration.
<d4.o n="(e) [§237] Final
Declaration.
<d4.o n="(f) [§238] Effect of
Failure To Disclose.
<d3.o n="3. [§239] Claims of
Third Parties.
<d3.o n="4. Judgment.
<d4.o n="(a) [§240] Former
Interlocutory Decree Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§241] Statutory
Requirement of Division.
<d3.o n="5. Relief From Judgment.
<d4.o n="(a) [§242] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§243] Grounds
and Time Limits.
<d3.o n="6. Undivided and Newly Discovered Property.
<d4.o n="(a) [§244] In
General.
<d4.o n="(b) Military Retirement Pension.
<d5.o n="(1) [§245] In
General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§246] Jurisdiction
Limited by FUSFSPA.
<d4.o n="(c) [§247] Postjudgment
Motion.
<d4.o n="(d) [§248] Tort
Action for Concealment.
VII. DIVISION OF COMMUNITY OR QUASI-COMMUNITY
PROPERTY ON DEATH
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§249] Former
Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§250] Probate
Code Revision.
<d3.o n="3. [§251] Disposition
of Community Property.
<d2.o n="B. Property Acquired Outside California.
<d3.o n="1. [§252] Former
Law and Corrective Legislation.
<d3.o n="2. [§253] Where
California Law Applies.
<d3.o n="3. [§254] Will of
California Property by Nondomiciled Testator.
<d3.o n="4. [§255] Restoration
of Property Transferred Inter Vivos.
VIII. INTER VIVOS RIGHTS IN QUASI-COMMUNITY PROPERTY
<d2.o n="A. Definition of Quasi-Community Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§256] Nature
and Purpose of Legislation.
<d3.o n="2. [§257] Clarifications
and Distinctions.
<d2.o n="B. Division on Dissolution or Legal Separation.
<d3.o n="1. [§258] Statutory
Rule.
<d3.o n="2. [§259] Illustrations.
IX. RIGHTS OF PUTATIVE SPOUSES
<d2.o n="A. [§260] Nature
and Scope of Rules.
<d2.o n="B. Good Faith Belief in Validity of Marriage.
<d3.o n="1. [§261] Early
View.
<d3.o n="2. [§262] Later
View.
<d3.o n="3. [§263] Modern
View.
<d2.o n="C. Division of Quasi-Marital Property.
<d3.o n="1. [§264] Judicially
Developed Rules.
<d3.o n="2. [§265] Codification.
<d3.o n="3. [§266] Where
Legal Spouse Also Claims.
<d2.o n="D. Support of Putative Spouse.
<d3.o n="1. [§267] Judicially
Developed Rules.
<d3.o n="2. [§268] Codification.
<d2.o n="E. Agreement To Divide Property or Compensate.
<d3.o n="1. [§269] Judicial
Rule of Recovery.
<d3.o n="2. [§270] Distinction:
No Resulting Trust.
X. RIGHTS ARISING FROM NONMARITAL RELATIONSHIPS
<d2.o n="A. Marvin Doctrine.
<d3.o n="1. [§271] In
General.
<d3.o n="2. Express Contract Theory.
<d4.o n="(a) [§272] Nature of
Theory.
<d4.o n="(b) [§273] Illustrations:
Express Contract Established.
<d4.o n="(c) [§274] Illustrations:
Express Contract Not Established.
<d3.o n="3. Implied Contract or Equitable Relief.
<d4.o n="(a) [§275] Nature of
Relief.
<d4.o n="(b) [§276] Illustrations:
Recovery Allowed.
<d4.o n="(c) [§277] Illustrations:
Recovery Denied.
<d3.o n="4. [§278] Accrual
of Cause of Action.
<d3.o n="5. [§279] Subsequent
Marriage of Parties.
<d2.o n="B. [§280] Rights of
Same-Sex Partners.
<d2.o n="C. Rights of Domestic Partners.
<d3.o n="1. [§281] In
General.
2. [§282]
Legal Effect of
Status.