7
Summary of California Law (10th), Constitutional Law
I. THE FEDERAL SYSTEM
<d2.o n="A. Limited Powers of Federal
Government.
<d3.o n="1. [§1] Source of Federal Powers.
<d3.o n="2. Reserved Powers of States.
<d4.o n="(a) [§2] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Regulation of State
Employees.
<d5.o n="(1) [§3] Former Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§4] Valid Regulation.
<d5.o n="(3) [§5] Invalid Regulation.
<d4.o n="(c) [§6] No Requirement That State
Officials Administer Federal Law.
<d4.o n="(d) [§7] Regulation of State
Utilities.
<d2.o n="B. Relations Between States and
Federal Government.
<d3.o n="1. Federal Supremacy.
<d4.o n="(a) Conflicting State Law Is
Invalid.
<d5.o n="(1) [§8] Constitutional Principle.
<d5.o n="(2) [§9] Questions Involved.
<d5.o n="(3) Substantive Civil Law.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§10] Arbitration.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§11] Aviation.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§12] Banking.
<d6.o n="(dd) [§13] Bankruptcy.
<d6.o n="(ee) [§14] Employee Retirement Income
Security Act.
<d6.o n="(ff) [§15] Environmental Legislation.
<d6.o n="(gg) [§16] Foreign Affairs.
<d6.o n="(hh) [§17] Labor Relations.
<d6.o n="(ii) [§18] Telecommunications.
<d6.o n="(jj) [§19] Other Subjects.
<d4.o n="(b) When State Law Will Be
Upheld.
<d5.o n="(1) [§20] General Principles.
<d5.o n="(2) Where No Conflict Exists.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§21] U.S. Supreme Court.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§22] California Supreme Court.
<d6.o n="(cc) [§23] California Courts of Appeal.
<d5.o n="(3) [§24] Federal Authorization.
<d4.o n="(c) [§25] State Court Must Apply
Federal Law.
<d3.o n="2. [§26] Interference With
Governmental Functions.
<d3.o n="3. Enclave: Federal Territory
Within State.
<d4.o n="(a) [§27] Federal Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(b) [§28] Reserved State Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(c) [§29] Retrocession.
<d3.o n="4. [§30] Full Faith and Credit to
Judgments.
<d2.o n="C. Relations Between States.
<d3.o n="1. Full Faith and Credit
Clause.
<d4.o n="(a) [§31] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§32] Choice of Law Questions.
<d4.o n="(c) State Statutes.
<d5.o n="(1) [§33] Right of Action.
<d5.o n="(2) [§34] Substantive Defense.
<d4.o n="(d) State Judgments.
<d5.o n="(1) [§35] General Principle.
<d5.o n="(2) [§36] Public Policy Exception.
<d5.o n="(3) [§37] Necessity of Jurisdiction.
<d5.o n="(4) [§38] No Greater Effect Than in
State of Rendition.
<d5.o n="(5) [§39] Judgment Barred by
Limitations.
<d5.o n="(6) [§40] Penal and Tax Judgments.
<d3.o n="2. Actions Against States.
<d4.o n="(a) [§41] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Action Authorized by Federal
Statute.
<d5.o n="(1) [§42] Former Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§43] Fourteenth Amendment.
<d5.o n="(3) [§44] Family and Medical Leave
Act.
<d5.o n="(4) [§44A] (New) Americans With
Disabilities.
<d4.o n="(c) Action Not Authorized by
Federal Statute.
<d5.o n="(1) [§45] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§46] Indian Gaming.
<d5.o n="(3) [§47] Patent and Trademark.
<d5.o n="(4) [§48] Fair Labor Standards.
<d5.o n="(5) [§49] Age Discrimination.
<d5.o n="(6) [§50] Americans With Disabilities.
<d4.o n="(d) [§51] Action in State Court.
<d4.o n="(e) Action Against State Officer
or Agency.
<d5.o n="(1) [§52] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§53] Action To Recover Money.
<d5.o n="(3) [§54] Action To Compel Future Act
or Expenditure.
<d5.o n="(4) [§55] Action For Injunctive or
Declaratory Relief.
<d5.o n="(5) [§56] Action To Compel Compliance
With State Law.
<d2.o n="D. Diversity Jurisdiction:
Rules of Decision Act.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§57] Nature of Diversity
Jurisdiction.
<d4.o n="(b) [§58] Erie Doctrine.
<d4.o n="(c) [§59] Determination of State Law.
<d3.o n="2. Procedure.
<d4.o n="(a) [§60] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§61] Capacity To Sue.
<d4.o n="(c) [§62] Statute of Limitations.
<d3.o n="3. [§63] Conflict of Laws.
<d3.o n="4. Federal Statute or Policy.
<d4.o n="(a) [§64] Case Involving Federal
Statute.
<d4.o n="(b) [§65] Case Involving Federal
Policy.
<d2.o n="E. [§66] Interstate Compacts and
Reciprocal Agreements.
II. NATURE AND SCOPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW
<d2.o n="A. Constitution of California.
<d3.o n="1. [§67] History.
<d3.o n="2. [§68] Restrictive and Enabling
Provisions.
<d3.o n="3. [§69] Self-Executing Provisions.
<d2.o n="B. Amendment of Constitutions.
<d3.o n="1. [§70] Federal Constitution.
<d3.o n="2. California Constitution.
<d4.o n="(a) [§71] In General.
<d4.o n="(c) [§72] No Revision by Initiative.
<d2.o n="C. Power To Declare Laws
Unconstitutional.
<d3.o n="1. In General.
<d4.o n="(a) [§73] Origin and Nature of Power.
<d4.o n="(b) [§74] Administrative Agency Cannot
Exercise Power.
<d4.o n="(c) [§75] Presumption of Validity.
<d3.o n="2. Standing: Interest of Party
Attacking Constitutionality.
<d4.o n="(a) In General.
<d5.o n="(1) [§76] Nature of Standing
Requirement.
<d5.o n="(2) [§77] Standing Not Shown.
<d5.o n="(3) [§78] Standing Shown.
<d4.o n="(b) [§79] First Amendment Challenge.
<d4.o n="(c) [§80] State or Local Taxpayer.
<d4.o n="(d) [§81] Federal Taxpayer.
<d4.o n="(e) Member of Injured Class.
<d5.o n="(1) [§82] General Rule and Warth Test.
<d5.o n="(2) [§83] California Test.
<d5.o n="(3) [§84] Class Member Unable To
Challenge Law.
<d5.o n="(4) [§85] Complainant Injured by Law.
<d5.o n="(5) [§86] Challenge by State,
Subdivision, or Court.
<d3.o n="3. Political Questions.
<d4.o n="(a) [§87] General Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§88] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="4. Case or Controversy
Requirement in Federal Courts.
<d4.o n="(a) [§89] Constitutional Limitation.
<d4.o n="(b) [§90] Jurisdiction Rejected.
<d4.o n="(c) [§91] Jurisdiction Accepted.
<d3.o n="5. Abstention: Where Decision
on Constitutionality Is Unnecessary.
<d4.o n="(a) [§92] Abstention Doctrine.
<d4.o n="(b) [§93] Pullman Abstention.
<d4.o n="(c) [§94] Younger Abstention.
<d4.o n="(d) [§95] Burford Abstention.
<d4.o n="(e) Exceptions.
<d5.o n="(1) [§96] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§97] Absence of Pending
Proceeding in State Court.
<d3.o n="6. Methods of Raising
Constitutionality.
<d4.o n="(a) Injunction.
<d5.o n="(1) [§98] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§99] Limitations on Federal
Injunction of State Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§100] Declaratory Relief and Quiet
Title.
<d4.o n="(c) Extraordinary Writs and
Appeal.
<d5.o n="(1) [§101] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Challenge to Proposed
Legislation.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§102] In General: No Relief.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§103] Invalid Initiative.
<d3.o n="7. [§104] Waiver of Constitutional
Right.
<d3.o n="8. [§105] Effect of Determination of
Unconstitutionality.
<d3.o n="9. Partial Unconstitutionality
and Severability.
<d4.o n="(a) [§106] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§107] Severability Clause.
<d4.o n="(c) [§108] Construction To Avoid
Unconstitutionality.
<d3.o n="10. . State Constitutional
Protection (Independent Grounds).
<d4.o n="(a) [§109] Nature of Doctrine.
<d4.o n="(b) [§110] Commentary.
<d4.o n="(c) [§111] Specification of State
Grounds.
D. Interpretation of Constitutions and Statutes.
1. In General.
(a)
[§112] Federal and State Courts.
(b)
[§113] Strict or Liberal
Construction of Constitution.
(c)
[§114] Commentary.
2. Rules for Interpretation of Statutes.
(a)
[§115] In General.
(b)
[§116] Initiative and Referendum
Powers.
(c)
[§117] Conflicting Statutes.
(d)
[§118] Construction in Favor of
Constitutionality.
(e)
[§119] Facial Challenge.
(f)
[§120] Disregarding Words To Avoid
Absurdity.
(g)
[§121] Plain Meaning and Other
Particular Rules.
(h)
[§122] Application of Rules.
3. Aids to Interpretation.
(a)
[§123] In General.
(b)
Legislative History.
(1)
[§124] In General.
(2)
[§125] Sources of Legislative
History.
(c)
[§126] Statement of Legislative
Findings or Intent.
(d)
[§127] Contemporaneous
Administrative Construction.
(e)
[§128] Distinction: No Extrinsic
Evidence Where Statute Is Clear.
E. Title and Subject of Statute.
1. [§129] Descriptive
Title.
2. [§130] Reenactment
Requirement.
3. Single Subject Rule.
(a)
[§131] In General.
(b)
[§132] Rule Violated.
(c)
[§133] Rule Not Violated.
F. Uncertainty: Void for Vagueness.
1. [§134] Criminal
Statutes.
2. [§135] Civil
Statutes.
3. [§136] Rules.
III. SEPARATION OF
POWERS
A. In General.
1. [§137] Nature
of Doctrine.
2. [§138] Exceptions
and Distinctions.
3. [§139] Standing
and Case-or-Controversy Requirement.
B. Judicial Power.
1. Judicial Power Is in Courts.
(a)
The Judiciary.
(1)
[§140] In General.
(2)
[§141] Compelling Payment of
Judgment Against Executive.
(b)
[§142] Executive or Administrative
Officers.
(c)
The Legislature.
(1)
[§143] In General.
(2)
[§144] Statutes Abrogating or
Interpreting Prior Law.
2. Delegation of Judicial Power.
(a)
[§145] In General.
(b)
[§146] Valid Administrative
Adjudication.
C. Legislative Power.
1. Legislative Power Is in Legislature.
(a)
[§147] In General.
(b)
[§148] Court Cannot Compel
Legislative Action.
(c)
[§149] Court Cannot Inquire Into
Legislative Motivation.
(d)
Speech or Debate
Clause.
(1)
[§150] Nature of Immunity.
(2)
[§151] No Immunity for
Nonlegislative Activities.
(e)
[§152] Qualifications of Members of
Legislature.
2. Initiative and Referendum.
(a)
In General.
(1)
[§153] Constitutional
Authorization.
(2)
[§154] Statutory Procedure.
(3)
[§155] Initiative.
(4)
[§156] Referendum.
(5)
[§157] Alternative and
Complementary Measures.
(6)
[§158] Amendment and Repeal.
(b)
Exceptions to
Initiative and Referendum Powers.
(1)
[§159] Urgency, Elections, and Tax
Matters.
(2)
[§160] Matters of Statewide
Concern.
(3)
[§161] Administrative Action.
(4)
[§162] Legislature''s Constitutional Power Over
Internal Affairs.
(5)
[§163] Measure Identifying Person
or Corporation.
3. Legislative Investigations.
(a)
[§164] Congressional Investigating
Committees.
(b)
[§165] State and Municipal
Investigating Committees.
4. Delegation of Legislative Power.
(a)
[§166] In General.
(b)
[§167] Express Standards.
(c)
[§168] Implied Standards.
(d)
[§169] Adequate Safeguards
Doctrine.
5. [§170] Legislative
Veto.
D. Executive Power.
1. [§171] In
General.
2. [§172] Appointment
Power.
3. [§173] Veto.
4. [§174] Invalid
Delegation of Executive Power.
5. [§175] Judicially
Appointed Special Prosecutor.
6. [§176] No
Stay of Private Action.
IV. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
GENERALLY.
A. In General.
1. Restrictions on Federal and State Power.
(a)
[§177] Federal Constitution.
(b)
[§178] California Constitution.
(c)
[§179] Classification of Rights.
2. [§180] Right
To Petition Government.
3. [§181] Right
To Bear Arms.
B. Citizenship.
1. [§182] Citizenship
by Birth.
2. Citizenship by Naturalization.
(a)
Immigration.
(1)
[§183] In General.
(2)
[§184] Scope of Power.
(3)
[§185] Marriage Fraud Act.
(4)
[§186] Detention of Juvenile
Aliens.
(5)
[§187] Political Asylum for
Refugees.
(6)
[§188] Employment of Unauthorized
Aliens.
(b)
Naturalization.
(1)
[§189] In General.
(2)
Eligibility.
(aa)
[§190] In General.
(bb)
[§191] Moral Character.
(cc)
[§192] Military Service.
3. Denaturalization.
(a)
[§193] In General.
(b)
[§194] Proof of Grounds.
4. Expatriation.
(a)
[§195] In General.
(b)
Acts Not Resulting in
Expatriation.
(1)
[§196] Residence in Foreign
Country.
(2)
[§197] Voting in Foreign Election.
(3)
[§198] Desertion or Draft Evasion.
C. [§199] Unreasonable
Search and Seizure.
D. Slavery and Involuntary Servitude.
1. [§200] General
Rule: No Imprisonment for Debt.
2. Exceptions.
(a)
[§201] Economic Oppression.
(b)
[§202] Criminal Nonpayment of Fee
or Tax.
(c)
[§203] Other Exceptions.
E. Protection to Persons Accused of Crime.
1. [§204] In
General.
2. Bill of Attainder.
(a)
[§205] Nature of Prohibition.
(b)
[§206] Crime of Communist Holding
Union Office.
(c)
[§207] Valid Legislation.
F. Jury Trial.
1. In Federal Courts.
(a)
Nature of Guarantee.
(1)
[§208] In General.
(2)
[§209] Composition of Jury.
(3)
[§210] Size of Jury.
(b)
[§211] Exceptions.
(c)
[§212] Waiver of Jury.
2. In State Courts.
(a)
[§213] Right to Jury Trial.
(b)
Nature of Guarantee.
(1)
[§214] California Constitution.
(2)
[§215] Federal Constitution.
(3)
[§216] Jury of Less Than Six Is
Invalid.
(c)
[§217] Exceptions.
G. Fundamental Rights Under Due Process Clause.
1. [§218] In
General.
2. [§219] Incorporation
Theory.
3. [§220] Rights
of Criminal Defendants.
4. Fundamental Civil Rights.
(a)
[§221] In General.
(b)
Rights of Mentally Ill
Persons.
(1)
[§222] Freedom From Unnecessary
Confinement.
(2)
[§223] Constitutional Right to
Treatment.
(3)
[§224] Statutory Rights.
(c)
[§225] Maternity Leave Regulations.
(d)
[§226] Distinction: Corporal
Punishment of Pupil.
V. SUFFRAGE.
A. Nature of Right To Vote.
1. [§227] Federal
Constitution.
2. Federal Voting Rights Act.
(a)
[§228] In General.
(b)
[§229] Prohibited Practices.
(c)
Remedial Provisions.
(1)
[§230] States and Political
Subdivisions.
(2)
[§231] Tests and Devices Suspended.
(3)
[§232] Preclearance for Changes in
Voting Regulations.
3. California Law.
(a)
[§233] In General.
(b)
[§234] Secrecy, Absentee Ballots,
and Voting by Mail.
(c)
[§235] Write-in Voting.
(d)
[§236] New Citizen Voting.
4. [§237] 18-Year
Old Voters.
B. Invalid Restrictions.
1. [§238] Segregated
Districts.
2. [§239] Required
Designation of Race.
3. English Literacy Tests.
(a)
[§240] Discrimination Against
Blacks.
(b)
Discrimination Against
Non-English Speakers.
(1)
[§241] Federal Law.
(2)
[§242] California Law.
4. [§243] Poll
Tax.
5. Residence.
(a)
[§244] Discriminatory Provisions.
(b)
[§245] Period of Residence.
6. Disenfranchisement for Criminal Conviction.
(a)
[§246] Former California Law.
(b)
[§247] California Constitutional
Revision.
C. Political Parties and Candidates.
1. Regulation of Primary Elections.
(a)
[§248] In General
(b) 249] Federal
Cases.
(c)
[§250] Independent Candidates
d)[§251] Enrollment
Deadline.
2. [§252] Rights of Blacks.
3. Political Activities of
Public Employees.
(a) [§253] Federal Employees.
(b) California Employees.
(1) [§254] In General.
(2) [§255] Case Law.
4. Federal Regulation of
Campaigns.
(a) [§256] Election Campaign Act.
(b) [§257] Contributions From
Corporations or Labor Organizations.
(c) [§258] Restrictions on Political
Committees.
5. Candidates.
(a) Residence Requirement.
(1) [§259] Invalid Period.
(2) [§260] Valid Period.
(b) [§261] Filing Fee.
(c) [§262] Filing Deadline.
(d) [§263] Disqualification of Recalled
Officer.
(e) [§264] Payment of Costs of Election
Pamphlet.
(f) [§265] Content of Candidate''s Statement.
(g) [§266] Candidate''s Preelection Promise.
(h) [§267] Party''s Endorsement of Candidate.
6. Term Limits.
(a) [§268] United States Congress.
(b) [§269] State Government.
7. [§270] Ballot Regulations.
8. [§270A] (New) Election Contests.
D. California Political Reform
Act.
1. In General.
(a) [§271] Nature and Purpose of Act.
(b) [§272] Statutory Framework.
(c) [§273] Enforcement.
2. [§274] Fair Political Practices
Commission.
3. Campaign Disclosure.
(a) [§275] In General.
(b) [§276] Campaign Statements.
(c) [§277] Anonymous Mass Mailings.
(d) [§278] Prohibited Practices.
4. Lobbyists.
(a) [§279] In General.
(b) [§280] Prohibited Acts.
5. Conflicts of Interest.
(a) Prohibited Acts.
(1) [§281] In General.
(2) [§282] Exceptions.
(b) [§283] Disclosures.
(c) [§284] Conflict of Interest Codes.
(d) [§285] Restrictions on Former
Officials.
6. [§286] Restrictions on Honoraria,
Gifts, and Travel Expenses.
7. Limitations on Campaign
Spending and Contributions.
(a) [§287] Statutory Development.
(b) [§288] Filing and Account
Requirements.
(c) [§289] Contribution Limits.
(d) [§290] Voluntary Expenditure
Limits.
(e) [§291] Use of Funds.
E. [§292] Code of Fair Campaign
Practices.
F. [§293] Regulation of Political
Advertising.
G. Reapportionment.
1. Justiciable Issue.
(a) [§294] In General.
(b) Gerrymandering.
(1) [§295] In General.
(2) [§296] To Benefit Racial Minority
Groups.
2. [§297] Discriminatory Weighted
Voting.
3. [§298] Congressional Districts.
4. State Legislative Districts.
(a) [§299] Reynolds v. Sims.
(b) [§300] Subsequent U.S. Supreme
Court Decisions.
(c) [§301] California Decisions.
5. [§302] County Supervisorial
Districts.
6. [§303] City Council Districts.
H. Restricted Eligibility in
Local Elections.
1. [§304] School District Elections.
2. Special District Elections.
(a) [§305] Valid Provisions.
(b) [§306] Invalid Provisions.
I. General Bond Elections.
1. [§307] Vote Restricted to Property
Taxpayers.
2. [§308] Requirement of More Than
Majority.
J. [§309] Incorporation of City or
Annexation.
K. [§310] Referendum on County
Charter.
VI. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, PRESS, AND ASSEMBLY
A. Nature of Guarantees.
1. Constitutional Provisions.
(a) [§311] Federal Constitution.
(b) [§312] California Constitution.
(c) [§313] Commentary.
2. Rights on Private Property.
(a) [§314] Company-Owned Town.
(b) Shopping Center.
(1) [§315] Under Federal Constitution.
(2) [§316] Under California
Constitution.
(c) [§317] Stand-Alone Business.
(d) [§318] Medical Facility.
(e) [§319] Church.
(f) [§320] Private Residential Housing
Project.
3. Right of Private
Corporation.
(a) [§321] Impermissible Restriction.
(b) [§322] Permissible Restriction.
4. [§323] Entertainment and Symbolic
Speech.
5. Commercial Speech.
(a) In General.
(1) [§324] Historical Development.
(2) [§325] Virginia State Board Case.
(3) [§326] No Least-Restrictive-Means
Test.
(4) [§327] Texts and Law Reviews.
(b) Restrictions on Advertising
and Publicity.
(1) [§328] In General.
(2) [§329] Advertising by Lawyers.
(3) [§330] Publicizing Services of
Legal Clinic.
(4) [§331] Advertising by Gambling
Casino.
(5) [§332] Advertising of Alcohol and
Tobacco.
(6) [§333] Required Funding for Generic
Advertising.
(7) [§334] Deceptive or Misleading
Advertising.
(c) Other Restrictions.
(1) [§335] In General.
(2) [§336] Moratorium on Solicitation
of Accident Victims.
(3) [§337] Solicitation by Accountant.
(4) [§338] Unlawful Conduct.
6. Government Speech.
(a) [§339] In General.
(b) [§340] Funding Restrictions.
(c) [§341] Viewpoint Discrimination.
7. Political Speech.
(a) [§342] In General.
(b) [§343] Advertising on Public
Transit Vehicles.
(c) [§344] Restrictions on Initiatives.
(d) [§345] Restrictions on
Electioneering.
(e) [§346] Distinction: Nonpublic
Forum.
8. Charitable Appeals for
Funds.
(a) [§347] In General.
(b) [§348] Solicitation Inside Airport
Terminal.
(c) [§349] Distinction: Begging or
Soliciting Alms.
9. Right To Circulate or
Distribute.
(a) [§350] In General.
(b) [§351] Newsracks.
(c) [§352] Door-to-Door.
10. . Right To Post.
(a) [§353] In General.
(b) [§354] Residential Signs.
11. Other Areas.
(a) [§355] Ban on Receipt of Honoraria.
(b) [§356] Fortunetelling.
(c) [§357] Police Surveillance of
College.
(d) [§358] Promotional Advertising by
Public Utility.
B. Scope of Protection.
1. Freedom From Previous
Restraint.
(a) [§359] General Principle.
(b) [§360] Requirement of License or
Permit.
(c) [§361] Invalid Restraint by
Injunction.
(d) [§362] Discriminatory Special Tax.
(e) Restrictions on Newspapers
and Magazines.
(1) [§363] In General.
(2) [§364] Requirement of Free Space.
(3) [§365] Other Restrictions.
(4) [§366] Distinction: Action for
Breach of Promise of Confidentiality.
<d4.o n="(f) Restrictions on Books.
<d5.o n="(1) [§367] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§368] Censorship by Listing.
<d5.o n="(3) [§369] Income From Work Describing Crime.
<d4.o n="(g) [§370] Restrictions on Mail.
<d4.o n="(h) [§371] Restrictions on Motion Pictures and Plays.
<d4.o n="(i) Restrictions on Radio and Television.
<d5.o n="(1) [§372] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§373] Cable Television and Satellite Broadcasting.
<d5.o n="(3) [§374] Sexually Oriented Programming.
<d5.o n="(4) [§375] Must-Carry Requirements.
<d5.o n="(5) [§376] Refusal To Accept Political Advertisements.
<d5.o n="(6) [§377] Prohibition of Editorializing.
<d3.o n="2. Freedom of Association.
<d4.o n="(a) [§378] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Confidentiality of Membership.
<d5.o n="(1) [§379] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§380] Private Social Club.
<d5.o n="(3) [§381] Membership Applications.
<d5.o n="(4) [§382] Limited Right of Discovery.
<d4.o n="(c) [§383] Furnishing Attorneys for Group Members.
<d4.o n="(d) [§384] Patronage Appointment of Public Employees.
<d4.o n="(e) [§385] Agency Shop for Public Employees.
<d4.o n="(f) [§386] Politically Motivated Economic Boycott.
<d4.o n="(g) [§387] Restrictions on Prisoners'' Rights.
<d4.o n="(h) [§388] Rights of Political Parties.
<d4.o n="(i) [§389] Exclusion of Women From Membership.
<d4.o n="(j) [§390] Exclusion of Group From Parade.
<d4.o n="(k) [§391] Exclusion of Homosexual Scoutmaster.
<d4.o n="(l) [§391A] (New) Exclusion From Subsidized Program.
<d3.o n="3. Right of Peaceable Assembly.
<d4.o n="(a) [§392] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) Public Forum.
<d5.o n="(1) [§393] U.S. Supreme Court Decisions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§394] California Decisions.
<d4.o n="(c) [§395] Semipublic Forum.
<d4.o n="(d) Picketing Generally.
<d5.o n="(1) [§396] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§397] By Labor Organizations.
<d5.o n="(3) [§398] Residential Picketing.
<d4.o n="(e) Picketing of Abortion Clinics.
<d5.o n="(1) [§399] Earlier Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§400] Shasta-Diablo Case.
<d5.o n="(3) [§401] Madsen Case.
<d5.o n="(4) [§402] Subsequent Cases.
<d3.o n="4. Right To Travel.
<d4.o n="(a) [§403] Interstate Travel.
<d4.o n="(b) [§404] International Travel.
<d2.o n="C. Limitations on the Rights.
<d3.o n="1. General Principles and Tests.
<d4.o n="(a) [§405] Rights Are Not Absolute.
<d4.o n="(b) [§406] Preferred Position of Freedoms.
<d4.o n="(c) [§407] Clear and Present Danger Test.
<d4.o n="(d) Uncertainty and Overbreadth.
<d5.o n="(1) [§408] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§409] Invalid Regulations.
<d5.o n="(3) [§410] Valid Regulations.
<d4.o n="(e) [§411] Uneven Application.
<d3.o n="2. Interference With Judicial Process.
<d4.o n="(a) [§412] Publications as Contempt.
<d4.o n="(b) Court''s
Control Over Publicity.
<d5.o n="(1) [§413] Right of Media To Report Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(2) [§414] Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(3) [§415] Control To Insure Fair Trial.
<d5.o n="(4) [§416] Unauthorized Photographs of Courtroom
Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(5) [§417] Public Broadcast of Trial.
<d5.o n="(6) [§418] Discovery Protective Order.
<d4.o n="(c) Public Access to Court Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(1) [§419] Criminal Pretrial Hearing.
<d5.o n="(2) [§420] Criminal Trial.
<d5.o n="(3) [§421] Jury Voir Dire.
<d5.o n="(4) [§422] Juvenile Dependency Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(5) [§423] Civil Trial.
<d3.o n="3. [§424] Fraud.
<d3.o n="4. Libel.
<d4.o n="(a) [§425] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) New York Times Rule.
<d5.o n="(1) [§426] Public Officials.
<d5.o n="(2) [§427] Public Figures.
<d5.o n="(3) [§428] Private Individuals.
<d3.o n="5. Invasion of Privacy.
<d4.o n="(a) [§429] New York Times Rule Applies.
<d4.o n="(b) [§430] Publication of Name of Rape Victim.
<d4.o n="(c) [§431] Information Initially Obtained Illegally.
<d4.o n="(d) [§432] Infliction of Emotional Distress.
<d4.o n="(e) [§433] Distinction: Right of Publicity.
<d3.o n="6. Obscenity.
<d4.o n="(a) [§434] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§435] Requirement of Knowledge.
<d4.o n="(c) Determination of Obscenity.
<d5.o n="(1) [§436] Roth Test.
<d5.o n="(2) [§437] Miller Test.
<d5.o n="(3) [§438] Subsequent Decisions.
<d4.o n="(d) Protection of Minors.
<d5.o n="(1) [§439] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§440] Internet Transmissions.
<d5.o n="(3) [§441] Child Pornography.
<d4.o n="(e) Theaters, Movies, and Plays.
<d5.o n="(1) [§442] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§443] Zoning of Adult Theaters.
<d5.o n="(3) [§444] Consenting Adults.
<d4.o n="(f) Private Possession or Distribution.
<d5.o n="(1) [§445] Private Possession Protected.
<d5.o n="(2) [§446] Private Distribution Not Protected.
<d4.o n="(g) [§447] Commercial Telephone Communications.
<d4.o n="(h) [§448] Nudity: Public Indecency Statutes.
<d4.o n="(i) California Law.
<d5.o n="(1) [§449] Statutory Development.
<d5.o n="(2) [§450] Validity of Statute.
<d5.o n="(3) [§451] Books.
<d5.o n="(4) [§452] Films.
<d5.o n="(5) [§453] Live Entertainment.
<d5.o n="(6) [§454] Validity of Local Ordinances.
<d4.o n="(j) [§455] Civil Proceedings Against Obscene Matter.
<d3.o n="7. [§456] Street Meetings and Parades.
<d3.o n="8. Violence and Incitement to Violence.
<d4.o n="(a) [§457] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§458] Statements Not “Fighting Words.”
<d4.o n="(c) Cross Burning.
<d5.o n="(1) [§459] General Prohibition.
<d5.o n="(2) [§460] Specific Prohibition on Property of Another.
<d4.o n="(d) [§461] Acts Motivated by Bigoted Racial Beliefs.
<d4.o n="(e) [§462] Picketing Court or Legislature.
<d4.o n="(f) [§463] Sit-in or Stand-in.
<d3.o n="9. [§464] Antinoise Regulations.
<d3.o n="10. . Registration and Identification.
<d4.o n="(a) [§465] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§466] Handbill Distributor.
<d4.o n="(c) [§467] Anonymous Recorded Phone Messages.
<d4.o n="(d) [§468] Author of Attack on Candidate.
<d4.o n="(e) [§469] Author of Campaign Materials.
<d3.o n="11. Loyalty Regulations.
<d4.o n="(a) Antisubversive Criminal Legislation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§470] Earlier Statutes.
<d5.o n="(2) [§471] Smith Act.
<d5.o n="(3) [§472] Federal Preemption.
<d5.o n="(4) [§473] Burning Draft Card.
<d5.o n="(5) [§474] Desecrating Flag.
<d4.o n="(b) Regulation of Aliens.
<d5.o n="(1) [§475] Exclusion and Registration.
<d5.o n="(2) [§476] Deportation.
<d4.o n="(c) [§477] Registration of Subversive Organizations.
<d4.o n="(d) [§478] Investigation of Subversive Activities.
<d4.o n="(e) Loyalty Tests for Employees.
<d5.o n="(1) [§479] In General.
(2)
[§480] Disclosure of Communist
Membership.
(3)
[§481] Cooperation With
Investigating Agencies.
<d4.o n="(f) Loyalty Oaths of Employees.
<d5.o n="(1) [§482] Earlier Cases.
<d5.o n="(2) [§483] Later Cases.
<d4.o n="(g) [§484] Loyalty Tests for Others.
<d2.o n="D. Regulation of Educational
Institutions.
<d3.o n="1. Professors and
Schoolteachers.
<d4.o n="(a) [§485] Protected Rights.
<d4.o n="(b) [§486] Valid Regulations.
<d3.o n="2. College and University
Students.
<d4.o n="(a) [§487] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§488] Freedom of Speech and
Association.
<d4.o n="(c) [§489] Mandatory Fees To Fund
Student Activities.
<d4.o n="(d) [§490] Registration and
Identification.
<d4.o n="(e) [§490A] (New) Military Recruiters on
Campus.
<d3.o n="3. Elementary and Secondary
School Students.
<d4.o n="(a) First Amendment Rights.
<d5.o n="(1) [§491] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§492] Demonstrations and Symbolic
Acts.
<d5.o n="(3) [§493] Clothes and Personal
Appearance.
<d5.o n="(4) [§494] Removal of Library Books.
<d5.o n="(5) [§495] Obscene Speech.
<d5.o n="(6) [§496] Newspaper Produced by
Journalism Class.
<d4.o n="(b) California Constitution and
Statutes.
<d5.o n="(1) [§497] Fees for Extracurricular
Activity.
<d5.o n="(2) [§498] Censorship of Unofficial
Newspaper.
<d5.o n="(3) [§499] Censorship of Official
Newspaper.
<d5.o n="(4) [§500] School Placement.
<d3.o n="4. Statutory Declaration of
Rights.
<d4.o n="(a) [§501] Legislative Findings and
Intent.
<d4.o n="(b) [§502] Protected Speech Is Not
Subject to Discipline.
<d2.o n="E. Regulation of Government
Employees.
<d3.o n="1. [§503] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§504] Balancing of Interests.
VII. Freedom of Religion.
<d2.o n="A. In General.
<d3.o n="1. [§505] Nature of Constitutional
Provisions.
<d3.o n="2. [§506] Texts and Commentary.
<d2.o n="B. Establishment Clause.
<d3.o n="1. Under Federal Constitution.
<d4.o n="(a) [§507] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§508] Prayer.
<d4.o n="(c) [§509] Religious Speech.
<d4.o n="(d) [§510] Tax Exemption.
<d4.o n="(e) [§511] Exemption from Landmark
Preservation Laws.
<d4.o n="(f) [§512] Other Applications.
<d3.o n="2. [§513] Under California
Constitution.
<d2.o n="C. Free Exercise Clause.
<d3.o n="1. Invalid Direct Restraints.
<d4.o n="(a) [§514] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§515] Prohibition of Ritual
Slaughter of Animals.
<d4.o n="(c) [§516] Religious Freedom
Restoration Act.
<d3.o n="2. Indirect Restraints.
<d4.o n="(a) [§517] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§518] Social Security and Social
Security Numbers.
<d4.o n="(c) [§519] Children.
<d4.o n="(d) [§520] Prisoners.
<d4.o n="(e) [§521] Religious Solicitation.
<d4.o n="(f) [§522] Meetings in Public Place.
<d4.o n="(g) [§523] Use of Drugs.
<d4.o n="(h) [§524] Defamation Action Against
Church.
<d4.o n="(i) [§525] Intentional Infliction of
Emotional Distress.
<d4.o n="(j) [§526] Religious Discrimination
Against Advertisers.
<d4.o n="(k) [§527] Fair Employment and Housing
Act.
<d4.o n="(l) [§528] Prescription Contraceptive
Coverage.
<d2.o n="D. Religious Activity in Public
Schools.
<d3.o n="1. [§529] Religious Instruction.
<d3.o n="2. Prayers and Bible Reading.
<d4.o n="(a) [§530] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§531] Student Bible Study Club.
<d4.o n="(c) [§532] School Period of Silence.
<d4.o n="(d) Invocation at School
Graduation.
<d5.o n="(1) [§533] California Decisions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§534] United States Supreme Court
Decision.
<d3.o n="3. [§535] Instruction on Evolution.
<d3.o n="4. [§536] Flag Salute.
<d3.o n="5. [§537] Creation of Public School
District for Religious Community.
<d2.o n="E. Aid to Private Schools or
Private School Students.
<d3.o n="1. [§538] In General.
<d3.o n="2. [§539] Furnishing Transportation.
<d3.o n="3. Lending Textbooks and
Equipment.
<d4.o n="(a) [§540] United States Supreme Court
Decisions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§541] California Decisions.
<d3.o n="4. Financial Assistance.
<d4.o n="(a) [§542] Development of Law.
<d4.o n="(b) [§543] Money for Salaries and
Books.
<d4.o n="(c) [§544] Grants for Special Purposes.
<d4.o n="(d) [§545] Shared Time of Public School
Teacher.
<d4.o n="(e) Tuition Reimbursement.
<d5.o n="(1) [§546] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§547] State Income Tax Deduction.
<d4.o n="(f) [§548] Construction Aid to Colleges
<d3.o n="5. [§549] Aid to Disabled Students in
Private Schools.
<d2.o n="F. Other Activities.
<d3.o n="1. Work on Religious Holiday.
<d4s n="(a) [§550] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§551] Broader Protection Under
California Constitution.
<d3.o n="2. [§552] Labor Regulations.
<d3.o n="3. [§553] Sunday Closing Laws.
<d3.o n="4. Government-Sponsored
Christmas Displays.
<d4.o n="(a) [§554] U.S. Supreme Court
Decisions.
<d4.o n="(b) [§555] California Cases.
<d3.o n="4A. [§555A] (New) Other
Government-Sponsored Religious Displays.
<d3.o n="5. [§556] State Religious Holiday.
<d3.o n="6. [§557] Patriotic Message on License
Plates.
VIII. PRIVACY
<d2.o n="A. Rights Under Federal
Constitution.
<d3.o n="1. [§558] Theory of Peripheral Rights
Doctrine.
<d3.o n="2. [§559] Texts and Law Reviews.
<d3.o n="3. [§560] Contraceptives.
<d3.o n="4. Abortion.
<d4.o n="(a) Woman''s Right To Have Abortion.
<d5.o n="(1) [§561] In General: Roe v. Wade.
<d5.o n="(2) [§562] Texts and Law Reviews.
<d5.o n="(3) [§563] Development of Law.
<d5.o n="(4) [§564] Webster Case.
<d5.o n="(5) [§565] Casey Case.
<d5.o n="(6) [§566] Partial Birth Abortion.
<d4.o n="(b) [§567] Notification of Parents.
<d4.o n="(c) [§568] Public Funding of Abortion.
<d3.o n="5. [§569] Right To Marry.
<d3.o n="6. [§570] Sterilization of Incompetent
Conservatee.
<d3.o n="7. [§571] Withdrawal of Life Support.
<d3.o n="8. [§572] Assisted Suicide.
<d3.o n="9. [§573] Sodomy Laws.
<d3.o n="10 . [§574] Drug Prescription Records.
<d2.o n="B. Rights Under California Law.
<d3.o n="1. California Constitutional
Provision.
<d4.o n="(a) In General.
<d5.o n="(1) [§575] Nature and Scope.
<d5.o n="(2) [§576] Elements and Analysis.
<d5.o n="(3) [§577] Rights of Partnership or
Corporation.
<d4.o n="(b) Abortion.
<d5.o n="(1) [§578] Public Funding.
<d5.o n="(2) [§579] Rights of Minors.
<d4.o n="(c) Medical Records and
Information.
<d5.o n="(1) [§580] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§581] Discovery of Medical
Patient''s Records.
<d5.o n="(3) [§582] Disclosure of HIV-Positive
Status.
<d4.o n="(d) Employment.
<d5.o n="(1) [§583] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§584] Disclosure of University
Tenure Proceedings.
<d5.o n="(3) [§585] Disclosure of Employee
Personnel Records.
<d4.o n="(eCriminal Investigations and
Prosecution.
<d5.o n="(1) [§586] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) Arrest Records.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§587] Protected Acts.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§588] Unprotected Acts.
<d5.o n="(3) [§589] Sex Crimes.
<d5.o n="(4) [§590] Possession of Marijuana.
<d5.o n="(5) [§591] Compulsory Polygraph
Examination.
<d4.o n="(f) Drug Testing.
<d5.o n="(1) [§592] In General: Employee or
Applicant.
<d5.o n="(2) [§593] Distinction: Safety Interest
Insufficient To Justify Intrusion.
<d5.o n="(3) [§594] Athletes.
<d4.o n="(g) Other Illustrations.
<d5.o n="(1) [§595] Disclosure of University
Grades.
<d5.o n="(2) [§596] Discovery of Sexual
Experiences.
<d5.o n="(3) [§597] Zoning Regulations and
Restrictive Covenants.
<d5.o n="(4) [§598] Psychosurgery and Shock
Treatment.
<d5.o n="(5) [§599] Identities of Prospective
Jurors.
<d5.o n="(6) [§600] Drug Efficacy Requirement.
<d5.o n="(7) [§601] Fingerprint and Photograph
Requirements.
<d5.o n="(8) [§602] Miscellaneous Examples.
<d3.o n="2. [§603] Right to Financial Privacy
Act.
<d3.o n="3. [§604] Information Practices Act.
<d3.o n="4. [§605] Medical Records and
Information.
<d3.o n="5. [§606] Motor Vehicle Records.
<d3.o n="6. [§607] Other Privacy Statutes.
IX. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
<d2.o n="A. United States Citizenship.
<d3.o n="1. [§608] The Abridgement Clause.
<d3.o n="2. [§609] Access to Courts.
<d2.o n="B. State Citizenship.
<d3.o n="1. The Entitlement Clause.
<d4.o n="(a) [§610] Nature and Purpose.
<d4.o n="(b) [§611] Scope.
<d3.o n="2. [§612] Wild Animals and Fish.
<d3.o n="3. [§613] Employment Discrimination.
<d3.o n="4. [§614] Residency Requirement for
Attorney.
X. DUE PROCESS OF LAW
<d2.o n="A. Nature and Scope of
Guarantee.
<d3.o n="1. [§615] Procedural and Substantive
Due Process.
<d3.o n="2. [§616] Protection Only Against
Government Action.
<d3.o n="3. [§617] No Action for Money Damages.
<d3.o n="4. [§618] Persons Protected.
<d3.o n="5. State Action.
<d4.o n="(a) [§619] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§620] Government Assisted Housing
Projects.
<d4.o n="(c) [§621] Nonjudicial Foreclosure.
<d4.o n="(d) [§622] Athletic Associations.
<d2.o n="B. Retrospective Legislation.
<d3.o n="1. Changes Affecting
Substantive Rights.
<d4.o n="(a) [§623] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§624] Clarification of Existing
Law.
<d4.o n="(c) Vested Right as Basis of
Attack.
<d5.o n="(1) [§625] Rule and Test.
<d5.o n="(2) Permit Cases.
<d6.o n="(aa) [§626] In General.
<d6.o n="(bb) [§627] Distinction: Permit Subject
to Condition.
<d5.o n="(3) [§628] Community Property Cases.
<d4.o n="(d) [§629] Changes in Conditions of
License.
<d3.o n="2. Changes in Procedure.
<d4.o n="(a) [§630] Valid Retrospective Laws.
<d4.o n="(b) [§631] Efficient Remedy Must Be
Left.
<d3.o n="3. [§632] Deprivation of Defense.
<d3.o n="4. Construction Against
Retroactivity.
<d4.o n="(a) [§633] General Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§634] Initiative Measure.
<d4.o n="(c) [§635] Repeal of Statute Without
Saving Clause.
<d2.o n="C. [§636] Extraterritorial
Legislation.
<d2.o n="D. Nature of Procedural Due
Process.
<d3.o n="1. [§637] Long Established and New
Procedures.
<d3.o n="2. [§638] Notice Is Fundamental.
<d3.o n="3. [§639] Non-Essential Matters.
<d2.o n="E. Procedural Due Process in
Judicial Proceedings.
<d3.o n="1. Essential Elements.
<d4.o n="(a) [§640] Jurisdiction, Notice, and
Hearing.
<d4.o n="(b) Fair Hearing.
<d5.o n="(1) [§641] In General.
<d5.o n="(2) [§642] Impartial Judge.
<d5.o n="(3) [§643] Communications Between
Judges.
<d3.o n="2. [§644] Actions In Personam.
<d3.o n="3. [§645] Proceedings In Rem.
<d3.o n="4. Creditors'' Remedies.
<d4.o n="(a) [§646] In General: Sniadach Rule.
<d4.o n="(b) [§647] Illustrations.
<d3.o n="5. Indigent''s Access to Courts.
<d4.o n="(a) [§648] Indigent Plaintiffs.
<d4.o n="(b) [§649] Indigent Defendants.
<d3.o n="6. [§650] Hearing on Child Custody.
<d3.o n="7. Commitment of Mentally Ill
Person.
<d4.o n="(a) [§651] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§652] Defendant Not Guilty by
Reason of Insanity.
<d4.o n="(c) Minor.
<d5.o n="(1) [§653] California Decisions.
<d5.o n="(2) [§654] U.S. Supreme Court
Decisions.
<d3.o n="8. [§655] Treatment of Incompetent
Nursing Home Patient.
<d3.o n="9. [§656] Restraining Criminal
Nuisance.
<d2.o n="F. Procedural Due Process in
Administrative Proceedings.
<d3.o n="1. Right to Notice and Nearing.
<d4.o n="(a) [§657] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§658] Adequate Notice and Hearing.
<d4.o n="(c) [§659] Illustrations of Inadequate
Procedure.
<d4.o n="(d) [§660] Right-Privilege Distinction
Repudiated.
<d4.o n="(e) [§661] Right To Practice Profession
Involved.
<d4.o n="(f) [§662] Suspension of Driver''s License.
<d3.o n="2. Type of Hearing Required.
<d4.o n="(a) [§663] In General.
<d4.o n="(b) [§664] Evidence, Witnesses, and
Cross-Examination.
<d4.o n="(c) [§665] Counsel.
<d4.o n="(d) Impartial Body or Officer.
<d5.o n="(1) [§666] General Rule.
<d5.o n="(2) [§667] Conflict of Interest.
<d5.o n="(3) [§668] Bias.
<d5.o n="(4) [§669] Financial Interest.
<d5.o n="(5) [§670] Necessity Exception.
<d5.o n="(6) [§671] Partially Interested Board.
<d4.o n="(e) [§672] Hearing and Determination.
<d4.o n="(f) [§673]