I. INTRODUCTION
A. Nature of Trial.
1. [§1] In General.
2. Trial of Facts or Law.
(a) [§2] In General.
(b) [§3] Trial on the Law.
B. [§4] Powers of Trial Judge.
C. [§5] Trial Practice.
D. [§6] Complex Litigation.
II. CONTINUANCE
A. In General.
1. [§7] Nature of Continuance.
2. [§8] Limitations.
3. [§9] Standards of Judicial Administration.
4. Discretion of Trial Judge.
(a) [§10] Discretion Upheld.
(b) Discretion Held Abused.
(1) [§11] Policy Considerations.
(2) [§12] Illustrations.
B. Grounds for Continuance.
1. [§13] Unavailability of Attorney.
2. [§14] Substitution of Attorney.
3. [§15] Improper Withdrawal of Attorney.
4. Absence of Party.
(a) [§16] When Continuance Will Be Granted.
(b) [§17] Continuance Properly Denied.
5. [§18] Absence of Evidence.
6. Absence of Witness.
(a) [§19] Death, Illness, or Unavailability.
(b) [§20] Showing of Necessity.
7. [§21] Absence of Judge.
8. Similar Proceeding Pending.
(a) [§22] When Continuance Will Be Granted.
(b) [§23] Continuance Properly Denied.
9. [§24] Surprise at Trial.
10. [§25] Amendment of Pleadings.
11. Membership in Legislature.
(a) [§26] Persons Entitled.
(b) [§27] Proceedings Covered.
(c) [§28] Extent of Continuance.
(d) [§29] Exceptions to Mandatory Right.
12. [§30] Party in Armed Forces.
13. [§31] Particular Actions or Proceedings.
C. Procedure.
1. [§32] Motion.
2. [§33] Affidavits and Deposition.
3. Payment of Expenses.
(a) [§34] In General.
(b) [§35] Improper Expenses.
4. [§36] Stipulation.
III. BRINGING CAUSE TO TRIAL
A. [§37] Nature of Procedure.
B. [§38] Trial Court Delay Reduction Act.
C. Procedure in Municipal Court.
1. [§39] Memorandum.
2. [§40] Assignment of Trial Dates.
3. [§41] Master Calendar System.
4. [§42] Settlement, Dismissal, and Stay.
5. [§43] Duties of Trial Judge.
6. [§44] Sanctions.
D. Procedure in Superior Court.
1. [§45] In General.
2. [§46] Local Rules.
3. [§47] Distribution of Business.
4. [§48] At‑Issue Memorandum.
5. [§49] Civil Active List.
6. [§50] Settlement, Dismissal, and Stay.
7. [§51] Arbitration Status Conference.
8. Case Management (Pretrial) Conference.
(a) [§52] Nature and Purpose of Pretrial Procedure.
(b) [§53] Former Statewide Procedure.
(c) [§54] Current Local Procedure.
(d) [§55] Preparation of Conference Order.
(e) Effect of Order.
(1) [§56] Order Controls Inconsistent Pleadings.
(2) [§57] Attack on Pleadings Precluded.
(3) [§58] Trial on Different Theory Permitted.
(4) [§59] Amendment of Pleadings Permitted.
9. [§60] Settlement Conference.
10. Trial Setting.
(a) [§61] Short Causes.
(b) Long Causes.
(1) [§62] In General.
(2) [§63] Courts of Nine or Fewer Judges.
11. [§64] Calendaring System.
12. [§65] Date Certain for Trial.
13. [§66] Duties of Trial Judge.
14. [§67] Appearance at Conferences by Telephone.
15. Sanctions for Violation of Rule or Order.
(a) [§68] In General.
(b) [§69] Judicial Council Rules.
(c) Local Rules.
(1) [§70] In General.
(2) [§71] Sanctions for Attorney's Negligence.
(3) [§72] Violation of Instruction Not Amounting to Rule.
(d) [§73] Imposition of Ultimate Sanction in First Instance.
(e) [§74] Right to Hearing.
(f) [§75] Remedies of Sanctioned Attorney.
E. Priority and Special Setting.
1. [§76] Statutory Priority: In General.
2. [§77] Declaratory Relief.
3. [§78] Unlawful Detainer.
4. [§79] Party Over Age 70.
5. [§80] Party Under Age 14.
6. [§81] Party's Survival in Doubt.
7. [§82] Miscellaneous Statutes.
8. [§83] Motion To Advance or Reset.
F. [§84] Completion of Discovery.
G. Notice of Trial to Adverse Party.
1. [§85] Statutory Provisions.
2. [§86] Mandatory Requirement.
3. [§87] Exceptions and Waiver.
4. [§88] Resumption of Trial After Continuance.
IV. SECURING TRIAL BY JURY
A. Right to Trial by Jury.
1. Nature of Right.
(a) [§89] In General.
(b) [§90]
(c) [§91] Issues of Fact Only.
(d) [§92] Denial as Excess of Jurisdiction.
(e) [§93] Jury of Less Than Twelve Persons.
2. Cases Triable by Jury.
(a) [§94] Actions Classified as Legal.
(b) [§95] Common Law Actions With Equitable Characteristics.
(c) Actions Involving Legal and Equitable Issues.
(1) [§96] Legal Issues Severable.
(2) [§97] Distinction: Mutually Exclusive Remedies Sought.
(3) [§98] Legal Issues Not Severable.
(d) [§99] Civil Commitment Proceedings.
(e) [§100] Other Proceedings.
3. Cases Triable by Court.
(a) Equitable Actions.
(1) [§101] In General.
(2) [§102] Action Involving Paternity Issues.
(3) [§103] Action Involving Equitable Doctrines.
(b) [§104] Special Proceedings.
(c) [§105] Actions To Collect Taxes.
4. [§106] Probate Proceedings.
5. [§107] Eminent Domain and Inverse Condemnation.
B. Procedure To Obtain Jury Trial.
1. [§108] Demand.
2. Deposit of Fees and Expenses.
(a) [§109] Advance Deposit of One Day's Fees.
(b) [§110] Subsequent Deposits.
(c) [§111] Refund or Forfeiture.
3. [§112] Reliance on Other Party's Demand or Deposit.
C. Waiver of Jury Trial.
1. [§113] In General.
2. [§114] Contractual Waiver.
3. [§115] Express Consent.
4. [§116] Noncompliance With Requirements.
5. [§117] Waiver After Assignment for Trial.
6. [§118] Successive Waivers by Plaintiff and Defendant.
7. [§119] Effect on Retrial After Reversal.
D. Jury Trial in Court's Discretion.
1. Relief From Waiver.
(a) [§120] Discretion and Policy.
(b) [§121] Denial of Relief.
(c) [§122] Review of Order Denying Relief.
2. [§123] Jury Not Matter of Right.
3. [§124] Procedure.
E. Jury Lists and Panels.
1. [§125] Qualifications of Jurors.
2. Excuses From Jury Duty.
(a) [§126] In General.
(b) [§127] Standards of Judicial Administration.
2A. [§127A] (New) Length of Jury Service.
3. Jury Lists and Selection Methods.
(a) [§128] Former Law.
(b) [§129] Adoption of Uniform System.
(c) [§130] Types of Lists.
(d) [§131] Selection.
(e) [§132] Public Inspection of Master List.
4. Jury Panels.
(a) [§133] Ordinary Panel.
(b) [§134] Common Panel.
(c) Special Panel.
(1) [§135] Purpose and Procedure.
(2) [§136] Effect of Irregularity.
V. SELECTION OF TRIAL JURY
A. [§137] Drawing Names.
B. Challenges.
1. [§138] Nature and Kinds.
2. Peremptory Challenges.
(a) [§139] Purpose.
(b) [§140] Number.
(c) Improper Exclusion.
(1) [§141] In General.
(2) [§142] Race.
(3) [§143] Sex.
3. Challenges for Cause.
(a) [§144] Statutory Grounds.
(b) [§145] Membership in Health Plan.
(c) Bias or Prejudice.
(1) [§146] Nature and Illustrations.
(2) [§147] Insufficient Showing.
4. Exercise and Trial of Challenges.
(a) [§148] Challenge for Cause.
(b) [§149] Peremptory Challenge.
C. Voir Dire Examination.
1. [§150] In General.
2. [§151] Voir Dire Procedure.
3. Examination by Judge.
(a) Proper Questions by Judge.
(1) [§152] In Any Case.
(2) [§153] In Condemnation Case.
(b) [§154] Improper Questions by Judge.
4. Examination by Attorneys.
(a) [§155] Conferences With Judge.
(b) [§156] Proper Questions by Attorneys.
(c) [§157] Improper Questions by Attorneys.
D. [§158] Completion and Oath.
E. Alternate Jurors.
1. [§159] In General.
2. [§160] Substitution After Deliberations Begun.
VI. CONDUCT OF TRIAL
A. In General.
1. Principal Steps in Trial.
(a) [§161] Trial by Jury.
(b) [§162] Trial by Court.
2. [§163] Order of Proof: In General.
3. Prior Trial of Special Defenses.
(a) [§164] Nature and Scope of Statute.
(b) [§165] Special Defenses Covered.
(c) [§166] Decision for Defendant.
(d) [§167] Decision for Plaintiff.
4. Prior Trial of Issues.
(a) [§168] In General.
(b) [§169] Motion, Trial, and Order.
(c) [§170] Proceedings After Decision.
5. [§171] Separate Trial of Family Law Issues.
6. [§172] Where Defendant Incompetent.
7. [§173] Presence of Parties.
B. [§174] Opening Statements.
C. [§175] Introduction of Evidence.
D. Argument.
1. [§176] Trial by Jury.
2. [§177] Trial by Court.
3. [§178] Manner and Scope.
4. [§179] Waiver.
E. [§180] Reopening Case After Submission.
F. [§181] Mistrial.
VII. CONTEMPTS DURING TRIAL
A. In General.
1. [§182] Inherent Power.
2. Who May Punish.
(a) [§183] Any Judicial Tribunal.
(b) [§184] Temporary Judge.
3. [§185] Legislative Regulation.
B. [§186] Civil Contempt.
C. Criminal Contempt.
1. [§187] In General.
2. Indirect Contempt.
(a) [§188] Hearing.
(b) [§189] Review.
3. Direct Contempt.
(a) [§190] Summary Punishment.
(b) [§191] Jailing Attorney in Midtrial.
(c) [§192] Notice and Hearing Where Order Delayed.
(d) Hearing Before Another Judge.
(1) [§193] In General.
(2) [§194] Personal Involvement of Original Judge.
(e) [§195] Review of Order.
4. [§196] Distinguishing Direct From Indirect Contempt.
5. [§197] Order
Affecting
6. Right to Jury Trial.
(a) [§198] In General.
(b) Violation of Injunction.
(1) [§199] Right Under State Constitution.
(2) [§200] Fine as Punishment.
7. [§201] Limitations on Punishment.
D. Conduct of Attorney.
1. [§202] Disrespectful or Offensive Behavior.
2. Aggressive Advocacy.
(a) [§203] Conduct Constituting Contempt.
(b) [§204] Conduct Not Contemptuous.
(c) [§205] Effect of Judge's Provocation.
3. Impugning Court's Integrity.
(a) [§206] In General.
(b) [§207] Attempt To Disqualify Judge.
4. [§208] Deceiving or Taking Advantage of Court.
5. [§209] Failure To Appear.
6. Late Appearance.
(a) [§210] Contempt Order Affirmed.
(b) [§211] Contempt Order Annulled.
7. [§212] Assisting Witness To Evade Subpena.
E. Conduct of Witnesses.
1. Refusal To Testify.
(a) [§213] In General.
(b) [§214] Minor Under Age 16.
(c) [§215] Victim of Sexual Assault.
(d) [§216] Victim of Domestic Violence.
2. [§217] Late Appearance.
3. [§218] Disrespectful Conduct.
F. [§219] Conduct of Others.
G. [§220] Communications to Jury, Court, or Witness.
H. Media Publications.
1. [§221] In General.
2. [§222] Clear and Present Danger Test.
VIII. MISCONDUCT OF COUNSEL
A. In General.
1. [§223] Nature and Sanctions.
2. [§224] Waiver by Failure To Object.
3. [§225] Cure by Admonition.
4. [§226] Incurable Misconduct.
B. Acts Constituting Misconduct.
1. [§227] Derogatory Remarks.
2. [§228] Appeals to Prejudice.
3. [§229] Appeals to Sympathy.
4. Reference to Insurance.
(a) [§230] General Rule: Reference Improper.
(b) Exceptions.
(1) [§231] Voir Dire Examination of Jurors.
(2) [§232] Evidence Relevant on Issue.
(3) [§233] Mention Incidental, Inadvertent, or Invited.
5. [§234] Reference to Other Inadmissible Matters.
6. [§235] Reference to Matters Not in Evidence.
7. [§236] Increasing Demand in Jury's Presence.
8. [§237] Misleading Jury in Argument.
9. [§238] Other Acts.
C. Sanctions for Improper Tactics.
1. [§239] In General.
2. Bad Faith Actions or Tactics (C.C.P. 128.5).
(a) [§240] Scope and Definitions.
(b) [§241] Who May Recover Sanctions.
(c) [§242] Who May Be Sanctioned.
(d) [§243] Subjective Bad Faith Required.
(e) [§244] Sanctions Warranted.
(f) [§245] Sanctions Not Warranted.
(g) Procedure.
(1) [§246] Notice.
(2) [§247] Hearing.
(3) [§248] Order.
(h) [§249] Amount.
3. Certification of Pleadings (C.C.P. 128.7).
(a) [§250] Nature and Scope.
(b) [§251] Signing and Certification.
(c) [§252] Motion and Order.
(d) [§253] Improper Use of Sanctions Statute.
IX. MISCONDUCT OF COURT
A. In General.
1. [§254] Standards of Judicial Conduct.
2. [§255] Waiver or Cure.
B. Acts Constituting Misconduct.
1. [§256] Intemperance.
2. [§257] Partiality and Prejudging.
3. [§258] Gender Bias.
4. Interference With Control of Case.
(a) [§259] Coercing Waiver of Right.
(b) [§260] Coercing Settlement.
(c) [§261] Impairing Examination of Witnesses.
5. [§262] Receiving Evidence Out of Court.
C. Proper Participation by Judge.
1. [§263] In General.
2. [§264] Suggesting Settlement.
3. [§265] Comment on Evidence.
4. When Party Appears in Pro. Per.
(a) [§266] Duty To Help Avoid Blunders.
(b) [§267] No Duty To Act as Counsel.
X. INSTRUCTIONS
A. In General.
1. [§268] Nature of Instructions.
2. [§269] Criticisms and Reform Proposals.
3. Party's Right to Instructions.
(a) [§270] General Rule.
(b) [§271] Point Covered by Other Instructions.
(c) [§272] Absence of Request.
4. [§273] Instructions on Court's Own Motion.
5. Proposal of Instructions by Attorney.
(a) [§274] Timely Presentation.
(b) [§275] Formal Requisites.
(c) Grant, Refusal, or Modification.
(1) [§276] In General.
(2) [§277] Modification by Judge.
B. Form and Style.
1. [§278] General Principles.
2. [§279] Gender Neutrality.
3. [§280] Language of Statute.
4. [§281] Extract From Opinion.
5. [§282] Approved Forms.
6.
(a) [§283] Nature of Work.
(b) [§284] Judicial Council Approval.
(c) [§285] Use of BAJI Forms.
(d) Revised (8th) Edition.
(1) [§286] In General.
(2) [§287] Coverage of Eighth Edition.
(e) [§287A] (New) Revised (9th) edition.
7. [§287B] (New)
C. Subjects of Instructions.
1. In General.
(a) [§288] Principal Types.
(b) [§289] Amount of Demand.
(c) [§290] Definitions.
(d) [§291] Truisms and Commonplace Matters.
(e) [§292] Functions of Court and Jury.
(f) [§293] Issues.
2. Substantive Law.
(a) [§294] In General.
(b) [§295] Legal Actions Arising Out of Contract.
(c) [§296] Actions for Damages for Negligence.
(d) [§297] Miscellaneous Tort Actions.
(e) [§298] Actions Involving Rights in Property.
3. [§299] Parties and Pleadings.
4. Evidence and Witnesses.
(a) In General.
(1) [§300] Power To Instruct.
(2) [§301] Singling Out Witness.
(b) Types of Evidence.
(1) [§302] Direct and Circumstantial.
(2) [§303] Expert.
(3) [§304] Depositions and Interrogatories.
(c) Burden and Degree of Proof.
(1) [§305] Proper Instructions.
(2) [§306] Variant Forms.
(d) [§307] Limited Admission.
(e) [§308] Matters Not in Evidence.
(f) [§309] Prejudice and Sympathy.
(g) Evaluation of Evidence.
(1) [§310] Credibility and Impeachment.
(2) [§311] Presumptions and Conflicting Testimony.
(3) [§312] Witness False in Part.
(4) [§313] Suppressed or Weaker Evidence.
(5) [§314] Extrajudicial and Implied Admissions.
D. Error in Instructions.
1. [§315] Automatic Exception.
2. Principal Kinds of Error.
(a) [§316] Errors in Content.
(b) [§317] Errors in Form.
(c) [§318] Instructions Irrelevant or Prejudicial.
(d) [§319] Conflicting or Contradictory Instructions.
(e) [§320] Excessive Volume.
(f) [§321] Undue Repetition.
(g) [§322] Undue Emphasis.
(h) [§323] Argumentative Instructions.
(i) Formula Instructions.
(1) [§324] Danger of Error.
(2) [§325] Nonprejudicial Instructions.
3. When Error Is Not Reversible.
(a) [§326] Jury Not Misled.
(b) [§327] Error Invited.
(c) [§328] Omission Cured by Other Instructions.
(d) [§329] Conflict Cured by Other Instructions.
XI. VERDICT
A. Conduct and Deliberations of Jury.
1. [§330] In General.
2. [§331] Secrecy of Deliberations.
3. [§332] Jury's Right To Select Foreperson.
4. [§333] Juror Temporarily Absent.
5. [§334] Papers and Exhibits in Jury Room.
6. [§335] Return for
7. [§336] Return for Instructions.
8. Misconduct of Jury.
(a) [§337] Unauthorized Papers in Jury Room.
(b) [§338] Unauthorized Reception of Evidence.
(c) [§339] Experiments.
(d) Improper Communications.
(1) [§340] In General.
(2) [§341] With Party, Attorney, or Witness.
(3) [§342] With Judge or Court Officer.
(e) [§343] Separation or Unauthorized Discussion.
(f) [§344] Inattentiveness at Trial.
(g) [§345] Intoxication.
9. Misconduct of Court: Coercing Jury.
(a) [§346] Conduct Held Prejudicial.
(b) [§347] Conduct Held Nonprejudicial.
B. Return of Verdict.
1. Procedure.
(a) [§348] Blank Verdict Forms.
(b) [§349] Receipt of Verdict.
(c) [§350] Entry of Verdict.
2. [§351] General Verdict.
3. Special Verdict.
(a) [§352] Nature of Special Verdict.
(b) [§353] Future Damages.
(c) [§354] Punitive Damages.
(d) [§355] Form of Questions.
4. Special Interrogatories To Test General Verdict.
(a) [§356] Nature of Special Findings.
(b) [§357] Procedure and Judge's Discretion.
(c) [§358] Form of Interrogatories.
C. Sufficiency of Verdict.
1. Assent of Jurors.
(a) [§359] Polling Jury.
(b) [§360] Agreement on Elements of General Verdict.
(c) [§361] Agreement on Elements of Special Verdict.
(d) [§362] Special Findings To Test General Verdict.
2. Conformity to Issues and Evidence.
(a) [§363] General Verdict Where Several Counts.
(b) [§364] Compromise Verdict.
(c) [§365] Improper Apportionment of Recovery.
3. [§366] Conformity to Instructions.
4. Inconsistency and Failure To Find.
(a) Verdict Against Less Than All Defendants.
(1) [§367] Joint Liability.
(2) Liability Dependent or Derivative.
(aa) [§368] Verdict Exonerating Employee or Driver.
(bb) [§369] Exceptions and Distinctions.
(b) Verdict Silent as to Party.
(1) [§370] Plaintiff or Plaintiffs.
(2) [§371] Defendant or Defendants.
(c) [§372] Verdict Inconsistent as to Damages.
(d) [§373] Special Findings Inconsistent With General Verdict.
5. [§374] Uncertainty.
D. Defective Verdict Saved by Construction.
1. [§375] In General: Disregarding Surplusage.
2. [§376] Construction in Light of Law and Instructions.
3. [§377] Construction by Reference to Pleadings and Evidence.
4. [§378] Intention Apparent From Form of Verdict.
5. [§379] Construction by Appellate Court.
E. Defective Verdict Saved by Correction.
1. [§380] Judge's Power To Order Correction.
2. [§381] Judge's Duty To Order Correction.
3. [§382] Different Verdict After Retirement.
4. [§383] Distinction: Verdict Erroneous But Not Defective.
F. Reversible Error and Waiver of Defects.
1. [§384] What Constitutes Prejudicial Error.
2. [§385] Waiver of Error.
3. [§386] Invited Error.
G. Impeachment of Verdict by Jurors.
1. Former Rule Against Impeachment.
(a) [§387] In General.
(b) [§388] Exceptions.
2. Chance or Quotient Verdict.
(a) [§389] What Constitutes Chance or Quotient Verdict.
(b) [§390] Permissible Agreements.
3. Rule Permitting Impeachment.
(a) [§391] Repudiation of Former Rule.
(b) [§392] Evidence of Overt Acts Admissible.
(c) [§393] Evidence of Jurors' Intentions Inadmissible.
(d) [§394] Distinction: Questioning Jurors Prior to Verdict.
(e) Affidavits on New Trial Motion.
(1) [§395] No‑Knowledge Affidavit of Attorney and Party.
(2) [§396] Jurors' Affidavits of Misconduct.
(f) [§397] Criticism of Impeachment Practice.
XII. STATEMENT OF DECISION
A. In General.
1. [§398] Former Law on Findings and Conclusions.
2. [§399] Nature and Scope.
3. [§400] When Statement Required.
4. [§401] When Statement Not Required.
B. Procedure.
1. [§402] In General.
2. [§403] Announcement of Tentative Decision.
3. [§404] Request by Party.
4. [§405] Preparation of Statement.
5. [§406] Proposed Judgment Where Statement Not Required.
6. [§407] Objections.
7. [§408] Signing, Filing, and Amending.
8. [§409] Procedure in Bifurcated Trial.
9. [§410] Procedure in Municipal Court.
C. Sufficiency of Statement.
1. [§411] In General.
2. [§412] Insufficient Statement.
3. [§413] Reporter's Transcript Not Statement.
4. [§414] Waiver by Failure To Object.
D. [§415] Failure To Issue Statement.
XIII. NONSUIT
A. In General.
1. [§416] Nature of Motion.
2. [§417] Partial Nonsuit.
3. [§418] Other Proceedings Distinguished.
B. Restrictions on Granting.
1. [§419] Disregard of Conflicting Evidence.
2. Disregard of Weight of Evidence.
(a) [§420] In General.
(b) [§421] Evidence Sufficient Against Nonsuit.
C. Procedure.
1. Motion.
(a) [§422] Necessity of Motion.
(b) Time of Motion.
(1) [§423] After Evidence Presented.
(2) [§424] After Plaintiff's Opening Statement.
(c) Statement of Grounds.
(1) [§425] Requirement of Specific Statement.
(2) [§426] Good Grounds Existing, Incorrect Grounds Stated.
2. Hearing.
(a) [§427] In General.
(b) [§428] Reopening Plaintiff's Case.
3. [§429] Order.
XIV. DIRECTED VERDICT
A. [§430] In General.
B. Restrictions on Granting.
1. [§431] Disregard of Conflicting Evidence.
2. [§432] Disregard of Weight of Evidence.
3. [§433] New Trial Rule Distinguished.
C. Procedure.
1. Motion.
(a) [§434] Time of Motion.
(b) [§435] Statement of Grounds.
(c) [§436] Opposition.
2. Verdict and Judgment.
(a) [§437] Duty of Jurors To Comply.
(b) [§438] Order by Judge After Jury Discharged.
XV. MOTION FOR JUDGMENT IN COURT TRIAL
A. [§439] Criticism of Former Nonsuit Rule.
B. [§440] Motion.
1. [§441] Statutory Rule.
2. [§442] Evidence From Examination of Adverse Party.
3. [§443] All
Evidence and
D. Judgment.
1. [§444] In General.
2. [§445] New Trial and Appeal.
XVI. JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING VERDICT
A. In General.
1. [§446] Nature of Power.
2. [§447] Evidence Not Weighed.
3. [§448] Motion for Directed Verdict Unnecessary.
B. Procedure.
1. [§449] Motion.
2. [§450] With Motion for New Trial.
3. [§451] Ruling on Motion.
4. [§452] Granting on Court's Own Motion.
5. [§453] Partial Judgment.
C. Appellate Review.
1. [§454] Orders Denying Both Motions.
2. [§455] Order Granting New Trial Motion.
3. [§456] Orders Granting Both Motions.
4. [§457] Standard of Review.